Impact of Change on Individuals:
Organisational change was first known in terms of the three stage model that explained how to initiate, manage & stabilise the change procedure. You might recall the three stages:
- Unfreezing (that is, to create the motivation to change);
- Moving (that is, experimentation and implementation), and
- Refreezing (that is, stabilising the procedure).
A force-field analysis method was recommended to compare the forces pressing for and fostering modification to the forces leading organisations to resist change and moving back to reintroduce past patterns. A hiring of change agents to facilitate the change procedure was also suggested.
Based on the three stage model and an understanding of employee resistance, the other Change Model was developed, that entails the subsequent five phases:
A Development of need for change (unfreezing);
B Establishment of change relationship;
C Working towards change (moving);
D Generalisation and stabilisation of change (refreezing); and
E Achieving a terminal relationship.
These & other Change Models are summarized in Table.
|
Date
|
Source
|
Initial equilibrium
|
Transition
|
Final equilibrium
|
|
1952
|
Lewin
|
Unfreezing
|
Moving
|
Refreezing
|
|
1961
|
Harvey et al
|
Unilateral dependence
|
Negative independence
|
Conditional dependence, positive interdependence
|
|
1967
|
Fink
|
Shock
|
Defensive retreat
|
Acknowledgement, adaptation, change
|
|
1969
|
Kubler- Ross
|
Denial
|
Anger, bargaining, depression
|
Acceptance
|
|
1969
|
Adams
|
Dependence
|
Reaction or rebellion
|
Coordination and integration
|
|
1977
|
Elgin
|
Decline
|
Crisis, muddling through and procrastination, chaos
|
Back to basics, transformation and revitalization
|
|
1982
|
Lippitt
|
Shock
|
Defensive retreat
|
Acknowledgement, adaptation, change
|
|
1989
|
Rashford and Coghlan
|
Denying
|
Dodging
|
Doing, sustaining
|
|
1990
|
Perlman and Takacs
|
Equilibrium, denial
|
|
Anger, bargaining, chaos, depression, resignation
|
|
Openness, readiness,
re-emergence
|
|
1994
|
Reynolds
|
Denial
|
|
Resistance
|
|
Exploration, commitment
|
|
|
|
1996
|
Bupp
|
Shock, denial
|
Anger, bargaining, grief
|
Acceptance, exploration, opportunity, accomplishment, creativity
|
|
1996
|
Grant
|
Shock/immobilisation, denial/minimisation
|
Depression/
incompetence
|
Acceptance/letting go, testing, search for meaning, integration
|
|
1996
|
Mariotti
|
|
1.Confusion
2.Immediate criticism
3.Denial
4.Malicious compliance
5.Sabotage
6.Easy agreement
7.Deflection
8.Silence
|
|
|
1993
|
Katzenbach and Smith
|
Working group
|
Pseudo-team
|
Potential team; real team; high- performing team
|
|
1994
|
Kegan
|
Unfreezing
|
Double-loop unfreezing
|
Triple-loop unfreezing, and so on.
|