Synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA:

Every transfer RNA molecule  has a cloverleaf  secondary  structure  with the anticodon accessible  at  the  end  of  the  anticodon  stem  loop. In During synthesis of the aminoacyl-tRNA, the amino acid is covalently related to the A residue of the CCA sequence at the 3' end that was shown in the figure. Each tRNA molecule carries only a single amino acid. Moreover, since of the redundancy  of the genetic  code, various  codons  should encode  the similar amino acid and so there will also exist various  kinds of  tRNA  with  corresponding anti- codons all bearing the similar amino acid.  The  correct  nomenclature is, for instance,  transfer RNAGly for the transfer RNA  which will accept glycine whereas  the  correct

Figure:   Structure of an aminoacyl-tRNA.

sponding aminoacyl-tRNA is Gly-tRNAGly,  and is the aminoacyl-tRNA shown in Figure Synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNAs is crucially important for two reasons the First one is every amino acid must be covalently connected to a tRNA molecule in order to take component in protein synthesis, that depends upon the 'adaptor' function of tRNA to ensure in which the right amino acids are incorporated and the other one is, the covalent bond that is formed among the amino acid and the tRNA is a high energy bond which enables the amino acid to react with the end of the growing polypeptide chain to form a new peptide bond. For this cause, the synthesis of aminoacyl-tRNA is also referred to as amino acid activation.  The Amino acids which are not connected to tRNAs cannot be added to the growing polypeptide.

The attachment of an amino acid to a transfer RNA is catalyzed through an enzyme known as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. The separate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase exists for each amino acid, making 20 synthetases in total. The synthesis reaction happens in two steps. The one is the reaction of an amino acid and ATP to form an aminoacyl-adenylate that is also known as aminoacyl-AMP:

In the another step,  without   leaving   the  enzyme,   the  aminoacyl   set   of aminoacyl-AMP  is transferred to the 3' end of the transfer RNA molecule to form aminoacyl-tRNA:

The whole reaction is:

and is driven  through the subsequent  hydrolysis  of the pyrophosphate  to the inorganic phosphate.