Crowding Out of Private Investment:

In economics, crowding out theoretically occurs when the government expands its borrowing to finance increased expenditure, or cuts taxes (i.e. is engaged in deficit spending), crowding out private sector investment by way of higher interest rates. Thus the term "crowding out" refers to the reduction in private expenditure on consumption and investment caused by an increase in  government expenditure, which increases aggregate demand, and hence interest rates. The amount by which private expenditure fall with a given increase in government expenditure is called the crowding out effect. When government expenditure displaces or crowds out an equal amount of private expenditure, the crowding out effect is said to be complete or  total. On the contrary, the government expenditure may reduce private expenditure by less than the increase in government expenditure then the crowding out effect is partial or incomplete. If private expenditures do not fall at all with increase in government expenditure, the crowding out effect is zero.

To the extent that there is controversy in modern macroeconomics on the subject, it is because of disagreement about how  financial markets would react to more government borrowing. If increased borrowing leads to higher interest rates by creating a greater demand for money and loanable funds and hence a higher "price" (ceteris paribus), the private sector, which is sensitive to interest rates will likely reduce investment due to a lower rate of return. This is the investment that is crowded out.

The weakening of fixed investment and other interest-sensitive expenditure counteracts to varying extents the expansionary effect of government deficits. More importantly, a fall in fixed investment by business can hurt long-term economic growth of the supply side, i.e., the growth of potential output. However, this crowding-out effect is moderated by the fact that government spending expands the market for private- sector products through the multiplier and thus stimulates - or "crowds in" - fixed investment (via the "accelerator effect"). This accelerator effect is most important when business suffers from unused industrial capacity, i.e., during a serious recession or a depression. Crowding out can, in principle, be avoided if the deficit is financed by simply printing money, but this carries concerns of accelerating inflation.

Crowding out of another sort may occur due to the prevalence of floating exchange rates. Government borrowing leads to higher interest rates, which attract inflows of money on the capital account from foreign financial markets into the domestic currency (i.e., into assets denominated in that currency). Under floating exchange rates, that leads to appreciation of the exchange rate and  thus the "crowding out" of domestic exports (which become more expensive to those using foreign currency). This counteracts the demand-promoting effects of government deficits but has no obvious negative effect on long-term economic growth. In the United States during the late 1990s, another kind of crowding out of exports occurred: large increases in private fixed investment and consumer spending encouraged high interest rates, a high dollar exchange rate, and hurt exports. Crowding out is most serious when an economy is already at potential output or full employment. Then the government's expansionary fiscal policy encourages increased prices, which lead to an increased demand for money. This in turn leads to higher interest rates (ceteris paribus) and crowds out interest-sensitive spending.  At potential output, businesses are in no need of markets, so that there is no room for an accelerator effect. More directly, if the economy stays at full employment gross domestic product, any increase in government  purchases shifts resources away the private sector. This phenomenon is sometimes called "real" crowding out. The negative effects on long-term economic growth that occur when private fixed investment are crowded out can be moderated if the  government uses its deficit to finance productive investment in education, basic research, and the like. The situation is made worse, of course, if the government wastes borrowed money on such things as "pork barrel" projects and tax cuts for the political allies of the current politicians.