Biological samples:

In the field of biological samples, especially the clinical samples highly chosen and sensitive determinations are being accomplished through fluorimetry. To facilitate like determinations spectrofluorimeters fabricated to suit the need of specific sample to be analysed are available. Several applications in the field of clinical chemistry are based on enzyme catalysed reactions. For instance, a specific, simple and rapid test for the concentration of glucose in the blood is based upon the enzyme glucose oxidase. A fluorimetric determination of presence of ions within the biological samples is generally based on specific complex formation between the ion and a suitable reagent. Several important biochemical analyses are done through combining the chromatographic separation and fluorimetry. In these chromatographic methods coupled along with fluorimetry use an appropriate developing fluorophore. A HPLC separation at room temperature is preferred.

Bioluminescence is phenomenon of luminescence occurring within living system, or compound extracted from living systems. The oxidation of luminol within alkaline solution is a well known instance of bioluminescence.  This reaction could be used for the determination of ATP- a significant molecule present in the cell. A large number of applications of fluorescence spectroscopy include the analysis of inorganic compounds involving metals, non-metals, minerals and alloys. These applications are based on different types of reactions leading to generation of fluorescence. These involve creation of binary or ternary complexes, substitution reaction, redox reactions or enzymatic reactions, etc.  The vast range of applications in the area of inorganic species could be put within three groups. The first group includes the inorganic species which have an intrinsic fluorescence; the other two groups are of the species which provide fluorescence on reacting with inorganic and organic reagents, respectively. Various minerals such as calcite, fluorite, rubies and zircon on exposure to UV radiation begin emitting fluorescence in the absence of fluorescence quenchers.