Networking:

Manifested in

1.  Direct communication across unit and firm boundaries and ignoring chain of command.

2.    Cross-unit team structures.

3.    Outsourcing & downsizing.

4.    Strategic alliances along with competitors, customers and collaborators all at the similar time.

5.  Close coordination between firms (example for JIT systems) and information sharing (open computer systems).

6. Across the wide contact along with customers, not only official boundary spanners.

7.    Customisation.

8.    Decentralisation.