Important NTB:

Exchange controls: Exchange controls are restrictions imposed by coun- tries' Central Banks that directly limit domestic residents' ability to acquire foreign  currency in exchange for domestic  currency. For instance,  one method  of  imposing exchange controls,  involved acquiring  the Central Bank's permission to hold foreign currency bank accounts.  

Import deposit schemes: These are rules imposed by countries' Central Banks, which tend to restrict imports  by making them more expensive. For instance, under  the rules importers are required to deposit a certain  amount (usually in proportion to the value of the imported good) with the Central Bank,  which effatively  raises the cost of importing.

Health and safety standards: Often importing countries insist that  im- ported goods meet  certain minimum health, safety and environmental standards. Meeting the standards would obviously raise costs  for the exporting country.  Presumably  the  underlying  motive  for standard imposition  is to safeguard  the health and general welfare of domestic resi- dents of the importing nation. However in practice these standards  are often used by developed nations  to restrict imports  originating  from low-wage developing countries.  For instance,  faced with cheap manufactures imports from low-wage countries like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand, developed countries are now  insisting that these counties comply with certain minimum labour and environmental standards, which would raise their costs of production.

Customs valuation procedure: Under this procedure the  importing country would artificially enhance the value of the imported goods under some pretext, which would raise the duty on it, under a system  of  ad valorem tariffs. For instance, Sikdar  (2003, p.141) cites the example  of  the US valuing certain chemical  imports  at  the 'American selling  price' (rather than  at  the 'invoice' price or the 'world market'  price)  in  the post-war period. However  this practice was discontinued since  the Tokyo Round of negotiations.

Local content requirements: This is a practice followed especially in developing  countries, which requires that some stipulated  portion of a final good be produced domestically. Or it may be stated that a certain specified fraction of the final goods price must represent domestic value added. The underlying logic  is  to promote local  production of  certain intermediate goods. From the importing finns viewpoint,  there is no restriction on imports. For they can import more, as  long as  they also buy more  from local firms. From the domestic intermediate industries'  point of  view  a local content requirement provides trade protection in  the same way as  an import quota.