Applications Ion Selective Electrodes:

Ion selective electrodes along with pH-sensitive glass electrode are widely used in clinical, biological, water, air, oceanographic, pharmaceutical research or routine analytical determinations.  Then far there are reliable commercially available electrodes for detecting H⁺, F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, CN^-, BF^-₄ , Pb²⁺, NO^-₃ , ClO ^-₄ , Ag⁺, S2^-, Na⁺, K⁺, and SCN^-, for H₂S, NH₃, SO₂, CO₂, nitrogen oxides gases, and for various different enzymes. A Glass membrane electrode is the most commonly used ion selective electrode. pH measurements have many applications some of which are summarized below:

• Electrometric or pH metric methods help in detecting the end point of acid-base titration more accurately and precisely as compared to indicator methods.
• pH metry is an most significant analytical tool in studying the acid-base equilibria that is controlled through the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate equilibrium system in most natural waters.
• A estimation of alkalinity and acidity based on pH metry serves useful information of buffering capacity of water.
• Within water and wastewater treatment, it gives an estimate of available of alkalinity to react with the coagulant viz alum, Ferrous sulphate etc. or otherwise to be supplemented with lime.
• Industrial procedure control especially within batch or flow-through configurations; by online pH monitoring and chemical dosing system.
• Within neutralization of wastewaters, to evaluate the doses of acid or alkali to be added.
• The Development of biosensors based pH sensitive immobilized enzymes and other academic studies.

Further the flexibility in available configurations allows the ions mentioned above to be monitored in a single sample solution (batch mode) or continuously in a flow through apparatus (flow-injection analysis).