Apparatus:

a) pH meter: consisting of potentiometer and a glass electrode, a reference electrode and a temperature compensating device. A balanced circuit is completed through potentiometer when the electrodes are immersed in the test solution.

b) Reference electrode: consisting of a half-cell that provides a standard electrode potential. General colomel (SCE) or silver/ silver-chloride electrodes are used as a reference electrode.

c) Glass membrane electrode: Several categories of glass electrodes are available. Even combination (glass and reference) electrodes are available for pH measurement of different test solutions and at varying test conditions.

d) Beakers: Preferably use polyethylene or TFE beakers.

e) Stirrer: It will use a magnetic TFE coated stirring bar.