External Approaches to Manager Development

Usually used to supplement internal programs especially where the skill or knowledge needed is very highly specialized.Also used when a firm feels its employees need to be exposed to new ideas and viewpoints.

Also needed when it is more economical, outside training for management could be in any of the following forms:

University sponsored programs—usually universities and colleges give short programs mainly conferences and seminars for both business and non business organizations.

Trade and professional associations—trade associations like the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry provide training for both members and non members.

Consulting firms—provide management training to other firms. Kenya has several of these firms.

Informal sources—reading and consultation with other managers.