Scientific Management:

Frederick Winslow Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He studied the factory problems of his day scientifically and popularized the notion of efficiency that means to get the desired result with the least waste of time, effort, and materials. At Midvale Steel, his scientific investigations led to the improvements in worker efficiency that resulted in great savings in labour cost. He proposed a shop system, which contain the following steps:

1. Determination of skill, strength and learning ability for each of the worker to employ them to suitable job.

2. Stopwatch studies, to set standard output per worker on each of the task, to use for planning and scheduling work and for comparing different methods for performing tasks.

3. Utilization of routing sequences, instruction cards and materials specifications to coordinate and organize the shop so that work method and work flow could be standardized and labour output standards could be met.

4. Development of supervision through selection and training.

5. Initiation of incentive-pay systems to enhance efficiency and to relieve foreman of the traditional responsibility.

Scientific management's force is more on the lower level and less on the higher level of the organization's hierarchy which includes the shop floor, foreman, workers, superintendents and lower middle management, taken in order. The concentration of scientific management was on the shop level, which was site for the most of management problems. Afterwards detailed focus on production raised the need for mass production and efficiency which was met by scientific management.