Common functional groups:

The following are a number of the more common functional groups in organic chemistry.

• Functional groups that consist of only carbon and hydrogen shown in the below diagram.

Figure: (a) Alkene; (b) alkyne; (c) aromatic.

• Functional groups that consist of nitrogen shown in below diagram.

Figure:  (a) Nitrile; (b) amine; (c) amide; (d) nitro.

• Functional groups that involving single bonds and that consist of oxygen shown in below figure:

Figure:  (a) Alcohol or alkanol; (b) ether.

• Functional groups including double bonds and that consist of oxygen shown in the below figure:

Figure:  (a) Aldehyde or alkanal; (b) ketone or alkanone; (c) carboxylic acid; (d) carboxylic acid chloride; (e) carboxylic acid anhydride; (f) ester; (g) amide; (h) phenol.

• Functional groups that consist of a halogen atom:

Figure:  (a) Aryl halide (X = F, Cl, Br, I); (b) alkyl halide or halogenoalkane (X=F, Cl, Br, I); (c) carboxylic acid chloride.

• Functional groups that consist of sulfur shown in the below figure:

Figure:  (a) Thiol; (b) thioether.