Financial Economies:

These are benefits obtained by large firms as a result of contracting credit from financial institutions at lower interest rates than smaller firms. The fact is that the large firms can provide collateral securities for such loans and their mere sizes alone make them credit-worth as compared to smaller firms.In addition to borrowing from financial institutions, large firms can easily float shares in the stock market. At times suppliers of materials to large firms may give them out on credit. This is a sort of pre-financing of the firm's activity. All these advantages lead to the lower per unit cost of output produced.

Managerial Economies:

There are many managerial economies associated with large-scale production. A larger firm is in the position to employ more highly qualified and specialist managers (such as production manager, marketing manager, financial manager, etc) to man the various departments of the firm. Large firms can also mechanize managerial activities by introducing the usage of improved devices such as computers, telephones, fax, e-mail, etc. Opportunities are also made available for the training of young potential career managers for the firm.These economies lead to increased output and lower per unit cost of production.