Game theory:

Game theory is a part of strategic decision making. More properly, it is "the study of mathematical models of cooperation and conflict between intelligent rational decision-makers." A substitute name called "as a more descriptive name for the discipline" is interactive decision theory. Game theory is normally used in economics, political science and psychology, as well as biology and logic. The subject first defined zero-sum games, such that one person's gains exactly similar net losses of the other participant(s). Today, though, game theory applies to a large range of class relations, and has developed into a sunshade term for the logical side of science, to add both non-human and humans, like computers. Classic uses add a sense of balance in numerous games, where each and every person has developed or found a tactic that may not successfully better his results, provided the other approach.

Modern game theory started with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibrium in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann's unique proof used Brouwer's fixed-point theorem on constant mappings into compact convex sets, which turn into a standard function in mathematical economics and game theory. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, with Oskar Morgenstern, which taken as cooperative games of several game players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed economists and mathematical statisticians to treat decision-making under uncertainty.