Shape:

The shape of organic molecules and the functional groups in them is ascertained through the hybridization of the atoms exist. For instance, functional groups consisting of trigonal planar sp² centers are planar whereas functional groups consisting of sp centers are linear:

• Planar functional groups -

a.      Aldehyde,

b.      Ketone,

c.       Alkene,

d.      Carboxylic acid,

e.      Acid chloride,

f.        Acid anhydride,

g.      Ester,

h.      Amide,

i.        Aromatic.

• Linear functional groups -

a.      Alkyne,

b.      Nitrile.

• Functional groups with tetrahedral carbons -

a.      Alcohol,

b.      Ether,

c.       Alkyl halide.