Gluconeogenesis:

Gluconeogenesis that is also known as GNG is a metabolic pathway which results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates like as pyruvate, glycerol, lactate and glucogenic amino acids. It is one of the two major mechanisms humans and several other animals use to keep blood glucose stages from dropping too low hypoglycemia. Another means of maintaining blood glucose levels is by the degradation of glycogen.

The Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous procedure, present in animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. In the vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place commonly in the liver and, to a lesser extent and in the cortex of kidneys. In the ruminants this will tends to be a continuous procedure. In several other animals, the procedure occurs during times of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets or intense exercise. The procedure is highly endergonic until ATP or GTP is utilized, effectively making the procedure exergonic. For instance, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP. Gluconeogenesis is frequently related with ketosis. Gluconeogenesis is also a goal of therapy for type II diabetes, like as metformin which inhibits glucose formation and stimulates glucose uptake through cells. In ruminants, because metabolizable dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized through rumen gluconeogenesis, organisms occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise and many more.