Zoonotic diseases-yellow fever, Biology

Assignment Help:

Yellow fever


Yellow fever also known as Black Vomit and American plaque is a viral disease primarily of monkeys and transmitted to man by female Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by Flavivirus of the family flavivirideae and is characterized by fever, acute hepatic  and renal involvement and jaundice and haemorrhagic manifestations. Yellow fever in man is an accidental zoonosis.


Epidemiology:
There are 2 epidemiological patterns of transmission. Urban yellow fever involves transmission by A. aegypti from an infected to a susceptible individual, and jungle yellow fever normally involves transmission by mosquito vectors among monkeys. Outbreaks of yellow fever were a major problem in the construction of the Panama Canal, leading to Walter Reed’s instrumental works in establishing the relationship between yellow fever and mosquito vectors in 1901. Today yellow fever occurs primarily in the tropical countries.Yellow fever does not exist in India. Its public health importance has, however, been recognized and yellow vaccine is regularly manufactured in India. Rigid requirements of immunization against yellow fever and/or quarantine measures are enforced for all travelers coming from yellow fever endemic areas.


Clinical feature:
The incubation period is 3-6 days. The onset of yellow fever is marked by anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, vomiting and fever. The multiplication of the virus results in liver damage, causing jaundice from which the disease derives its name. Various haemorrhagic manifestations become apparent. Gastric haemorrhages result in “Black vomit” which was used as the name of the disease in the past. Bleeding from gum, epistaxis, melena and uterine haemorrhages are common. The symptoms generally last for one week, after which either recovery begins or death occurs. The mortality rate is about 5 %.


Laboratory diagnosis:
Diagnosis of yellow fever can be done by the isolation and detection of the virus, by demonstrating the development of specific antibodies during the course of the disease and by the pathological examination of liver in the fatal cases. Molecular diagnosis is done by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using its specific primers.


Control and prevention:
There is no effective antiviral drug at present for treating the disease. It can be prevented by vaccination, using the 17D strain of yellow fever virus. Yellow fever has been largely controlled by effective mosquito eradication programme.


Related Discussions:- Zoonotic diseases-yellow fever

Explain zymogen, Zymogen :- an  inactive form of an  enzyme; becomes active...

Zymogen :- an  inactive form of an  enzyme; becomes active prior to its action.

Cilia and flagella – protozoans, Cilia and Flagella – Protozoans Cilia...

Cilia and Flagella – Protozoans Cilia and flagella basically have a similar structure and distinction between the two on structural basis does not exist. There is a filament o

Suction force of the plant cell, What is meant by suction force of the plan...

What is meant by suction force of the plant cell? Does the suction force facilitate or make difficult the entrance of water in the cell? Ans) The suction force (SF) is the osmot

What are the major factors of colloidal dispersion, What are the major fact...

What are the major factors of colloidal dispersion The adsorption of ions by colloidal particles is a major factor in stabilizing a colloidal dispersion, since the colloidal pa

Explain the principle of development, Explain the Principle of Development ...

Explain the Principle of Development The final guiding principle is that assessment involves the measure of change, or development, across multiple levels of analysis. Developm

Microorganisms, discuss the importance of protozoa to humans

discuss the importance of protozoa to humans

How execute the two complementary nucleotide chains, Q. How execute the two...

Q. How execute the two complementary nucleotide chains of the DNA facilitate the replication process of the molecule? The fact that DNA molecule is made of two polynucleotide c

Define triglycerides, Q. Define Triglycerides? Triglycerides are produc...

Q. Define Triglycerides? Triglycerides are produced by the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules. They are the body's major energy store, particularly in a

Establishment of tissue cultures, Establishment of Tissue Cultures By...

Establishment of Tissue Cultures By now you are familiar with the term "Explants". After a few days in culture the explant becomes slightly rough in texture and its surface g

When does the greatest buffering capacity of weak acids, The greatest buffe...

The greatest buffering capacity of weak acids is when- Select one: a. They are almost completely dissociated b. They are almost completely undissociated c. They are nea

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd