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Write short notes on transaction state?
A transaction may not always complete its implementation successfully such a transaction is termed aborted
A transaction must be in one of the following states
Active
Partially committed
Failed
Aborted
Committed
What is a value? A data value is used for identity. This form of identity is used in relational systems.eg: The primary key value of a tuple recognize the tuple.
he SQL query that will return the order number, quantity ordered, price each and total cost of an order (quantity * price each) from the order details table. Label the calculated c
In an E-R diagram how attributes are represented ? In an E-R diagram attributes are represented in a ellipse.
The primary key is selected from the
What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE? HAVING CLAUSE - HAVING CLAUSE is used only with SELECT statement. - It is normally used in a GROUP BY
various techniques of hashing?
read-set(T) : Each data items that are read by a transaction T Timestamps : for all transaction T, the start-time and the end time are reserved for all the three phases.
Association as a cache This association must be updated when any new element is added to it, but testing for overlap using association is more efficient. Figure:
Explain how the associations are implemented as classes. A general approach in this case is to transform an association class into a simple class linked to two original classes
Define Sequence A sequence is a set of integers 1, 2, 3 that are generated in order on demand. Sequences are regularly used in databases because lots of applications require ev
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