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R-2R LADDER CONVERTER
Figure shows a 4-bit R-2R ladderD/Aconverter,which contains a reference voltage source, a set of four switches, two resistors per bit, and an op amp. The analog output voltage can be shown to be
Vo = - Vref (b0 × 2-1 + b1 × 2-2 +···+ bn-1 × 2-n )
Because only two resistor values (R and 2R) are used, the R-2R ladder converter networks are relatively simple tomanufacture, fast, practical, and reliable. The commercially available AD558, which is an 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, is an example.
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