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Why are cursors necessary in embedded SQL?
A cursor is an object used to store the output of a query for row-by-row processing through the application programs. SQL statements operate on a set of data and return a set of data. Instead, host language programs operate on a row at a time.
The cursors are used to navigate by a set of rows returned through an embedded SQL SELECT statement. A cursor could be compared to a pointer.
What are wait-for-graphs?Give the algorithm to construct a wait-for-graph from a given schedule of transactions? How can deadlocks be detected from wait-for-graphs? Ans: The
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to be relevant aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to shape
Define average seek time. The average seek time is the average of the seek times, calculated over a sequence of random requests.
Data Control The data control mostly refers to commands that permit system and data privileges to be passed to several users. These commands are usually available to database admi
Process-oriented decompositions Process-oriented decompositions divide complex process, task or function into simpler sub processes until they get simple enough to be deal
What is first normal form? The domain of attribute must contain only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
read-set(T) : Each data items that are read by a transaction T Timestamps : for all transaction T, the start-time and the end time are reserved for all the three phases.
Guidelines for creation of table: Table name should begin with an alphabet. In table name, single quotes and blank spaces are not allowed. Reserve words of that DBM
explain exhaustively the problems associated with ER diagrams. include illustrations in your answer
what is the need of a log in dbms
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