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WHILE-LOOPThe WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown:WHILE condition LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;Before each of the iteration of the loop, the condition is computed. If the condition is true, then the series of statements is executed, then the control resumes at the top of the loop. When the condition is false or null, the loop is then bypassed and control passes to the next statement. An illustration is shown below:WHILE total <= 25000 LOOP...SELECT sal INTO salary FROM emp WHERE...total := total + salary;END LOOP;The number of iterations depends on the condition and is not known until the loop done. The condition is tested at the top of the loop, so the series might execute zero times. In the last illustration, if the initial value of total is bigger than 25000, the condition is false and the loop is bypassed.A few languages have a LOOP UNTIL or REPEAT UNTIL structure, that tests the condition at the bottom of the loop rather than at the top. So, the sequence of the statements is executed at least once. The PL/SQL has no such structure, but you can easily build one, as shown:LOOPsequence_of_statementsEXIT WHEN boolean_expression;END LOOP;To make sure that a WHILE loop executes at least once, then use an initialized Boolean variable in the condition which is as shown below:done := FALSE;WHILE NOT done LOOPsequence_of_statementsdone := boolean_expression;END LOOP;The statement inside the loop should assign a new value to the Boolean variable. Or else, you have an infinite loop. For illustration, the following LOOP statements are logically equal:WHILE TRUE LOOP | LOOP... | ...END LOOP; | END LOOP;
1.( /5 marks) Suppose that a B+-tree index with the search key (dept_name, building) is available on relation department. What would be the best way to handle the following selecti
Declaring Objects: You can use the object types wherever built-in types like CHAR or NUMBER can be used. In the block below, you can declare object r of type Rational. Then, yo
LEVEL You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a
Using Operator VALUE: As you may expect, the operator VALUE returns the value of an object. The VALUE takes its argument a correlation variable. For illustration, to return a
Keyword and Parameter Description: boolean_expression: This is an expression which results the Boolean value TRUE, FALSE, & NULL. It is related with a series of statement
%NOTFOUND The %NOTFOUND is the logical opposite of the %FOUND. The %NOTFOUND yields TRUE when an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement affected no rows, or the SELECT INTO state
Information Hiding With the information hiding, you see only the details that are significant at a given level of algorithm and data structure design. The Information hiding
Logical Operators The logical operators AND, NOT, and OR follow the tri-state logic shown in table below. The AND and OR are binary operators; NOT is a unary operator.
Anatomy of a Command Figure, showing a simple SQL command, is almost identical to its counterpart in the theory book. The only difference arises from the fact that SQL uses a
What Is a Package? The package is a schema object that group logically related PL/SQL items, types, and subprograms. The Packages usually have 2 parts, a specification & a bo
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