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WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ?
The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along with the GROUP BY clause. It can be used in a SELECT statement to filter groups of the records which a GROUP BY returns. The syntax for the HAVING clause is: SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)FROM tablesWHERE predicatesGROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_nHAVING condition1 ... condition_n; Aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL.
During the deletion of a tuple two cases can happen: Deletion of tuple in relation having the foreign key: In this type of case simply delete the desired tuple. For example, in
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There are two major types of fragmentation: Horizontal& Vertical. Horizontal fragments, as the name suggests are subsets of tuples and vertical fragments are subsets of attributes
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Given the following set of functional dependencies {cf?bg, g?d, cdg?f, b?de, d?c} defined on R(b,c,d,e,f,g) a.Find a non-redundant cover. b.Find a canonical cover.
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What are the disadvantages of relational approach? Disadvantages of relational approach: • Substantial hardware and system software overhead • May not fit all business models •
Increased parallelism : Since the replicated date has several copies a query can be distributed or can be answered from the smallest loaded site. Also, with more replicas you have
Let consider the given partial relation EMP. Let us make some sub-queries for them EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO 7566
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