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WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL ?
The WHERE clause is commonly used for implementing conditions on each tuple of the relation. The HAVING clause is used in combination along with the GROUP BY clause. It can be used in a SELECT statement to filter groups of the records which a GROUP BY returns. The syntax for the HAVING clause is: SELECT column1, column2, ... column_n, aggregate_function (expression)FROM tablesWHERE predicatesGROUP BY column1, column2, ... column_nHAVING condition1 ... condition_n; Aggregate_function can be a function such as SUM, COUNT, MIN, or MAX.WHERE and HAVING clause in SQL.
How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Discuss any three rules for query optimisation, giving example as to when should each rule be applied. Ans
Aggregate functions Some of these functions are min, count, max, and avg. These functions help in getting consolidated information from a set of tuples. Example:
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