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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Wetlands - Lentic Ecosystems Wetlands are permanently or periodically water covered areas. They can be defined as submerged or saturated lands either artificially or naturall
How is the development of JACK FUIT fruit takes place from seed to fruit?
Of the following, which mechanisms are significant in the death of erythrocytes (pron: eh-rith-reh-sites) in human blood? Is it a) Phagocytosis (pron: fag-eh-seh-toe-sis) b)
To test the gas given off when seeds germinate Place some mustard seeds in a flask with some damp cotton wool, in the apparatus shown in the diagram, and permit them to germina
Define precaution for estimation of vitamin c in lemon juice? 1. Rinse all glassware with 3% metaphosphoric acid before you begin your practical and subsequently each time you
A woman is heterozygous for three X-linked loci: AaBbDd. She has seven sons with the following genotypes: two are X ABd Y three are X abD Y one is X ABD Y one is X Abd
Q. Why is maternal milk important for the immune protection of the baby? Besides being nutritionally important like maternal milk participates in the defense of the baby agains
Occurrence of folic acid Folic acid is an active principle widely occurring in the animal and vegetable kingdom. Richest sources are liver, dark green leafy vegetables, bean
Preparation and properties of modified starches Improved performance of starches may be realized by physical and chemical modifications. The major physically modified starch i
Q. What is signifying when it is said that beings of the phylum Annelida are vascular beings? From which other phyla of the animal kingdom does this feature differentiate them?
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