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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
When glucagon binds its receptor there is an increase in the second messenger, cAMP. cAMP levels can be decrease by which of the following enzymes? -adenylate cyclase -PDK1
1. Carbon monoxide (CO): It is colourless, odourless, tasteless gas and is not soluble in water. Source: CO is produced due to: (i) Incomplete combustion of fuels
Birth control pills maintain a high blood level of estrogen and progesterone. What is happening in the ovary when the blood level of estrogen is high? How is the uterus responding?
Tracheal Gills - Respiration In many species of aquatic insects the air in the trachae is replenished by diffusion of oxygen via tracheal gills. Many aquatic insects carry a t
As a result of mutarotation, D-glucose exists in all of the following forms EXCEPT: Select one: a. L-glucopyranose. b. alpha-anomer. c. free aldehyde (linear) d. bet
When the ratio of insulin to glucagon is >1, which is the following is true with regards to fatty acid synthesis? -malonyl CoA will inhibit carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1
If a person lying quite still why does he or she need energy for?
PROVIDE a specific example for epithelial and connective tissues, how the arrangement of cells helps with tissue functioning?
State the term in broad - Lunule. In sand dollars, notches or holes which pass through the body of the animal. Their function is not fully understood though may be involved in
Q. What are the steroids? What are the few examples of steroids with a biological function? Steroids are lipids based in an angular combination of four carbon rings, one ring m
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