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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Q. What is the significance of water for enzymatic activity? Enzymes, Biological catalysts, depend on water to reach their substrates and bind to them. There is no enzymatic ac
What are the main functions of (a) the basal (Malpighian) layer, (b) the cornified layer of the skin? (a) The basal (Malpighian) layer makes new skin cells and the pigment
Autotomy and Regeneration Shedding of body parts in self-defense to avert the attention of the predator-enemy or in any other emergency is a type of autotomy (auto: self, tom
Explain Taxonomists as Synthesisers? Your study of the earlier units of taxonomy, in particular its history must have made you aware that the field of taxonomy has changed cons
The response produced when an allergen is injected into an individual, who is sensitive is known as P-K reaction.
Q. Is rabies caused by virus or by bacteria? How is it transmitted? Which organs and tissues are affected by the disease? How is it prevented and treated? The Rabies, as well k
SPINAL NERVES 31 Pairs. Mixed type. Total weight 150 gms. At the base of origin of spinal nerves gland of swammardon or calcarious ganglion is present. Composed of m
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Syphilis and HIV Most clinicians treat HIV-infected patients with syphilis and normal CSF with standard penicillin doses for the stage of syphilis, but some patients may need
What is the name of the terminal portion of the axon? The terminal portion of the axon is known presynaptic membrane. Through this membrane neurotransmitters are released into
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