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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
A)Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true? 1.The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented ant parallel to each other, meaning they run in opposite
define cytoplasm
Q. Discuss the advantages of implant supported maxillo-facial prosthesis. Maxillofacial Prosthodontics involves the prosthetic rehabilitation of patients with congenital or acq
The sequence for the Beta Actin gene (ACTB) is given below. Which pair of primers (designed to amplify the entire sequence below) could be used to successfully produce the beta act
characteristics of leucosolenia?
the characteristics of flying fish belong to pisces
In the hybridization of 2 genes (4 different alleles, 2 of each pair) how does epistasis affect the proportion of phenotypical forms in the F2 generation? In the dihybridism wi
Retention of water by the kidneys is regulated by a part of the brain, called the hypothalamus, that controls the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).An increased secretion of
Use of trichomoniasis in pregnancy Trichomoniasis in pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (D Soper, Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:281). Metronidazole
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) It is a highly contagious acute disease in young chicken up to 6 weeks of age causing high morbidity and low mortality. Bursa may atrophy at th
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