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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Antibodies of dissimilar specificities, which react to the same antigen, are known as polyclonal antibodies.
In the Miller-Urey experiment, amino acids of bothe the L and D enantionmers. Why is it that the L enantionmer is more dominant in living things?
Vitellogenesis Vitellogenesis is the stage where much of the oocyte growth occurs. The completion of second maturation division (meiosis), which may occur after ovulation, res
Define Factors Influencing RS Content of Foods? Different fractions of RS mentioned in Table may be naturally present in some foods or may be generated as a result of industria
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Explain Systemic Circulation in human biology? In systemic circulation, oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, and
Field Capacity (FC) It is the capacity of a field to hold the amount of water against gravitational forces. It is expressed as the percentage of the dry weight of the soil. Fi
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Circulatory System Coelenterates and platyhelminths nutrients in sponges, respiratory gases and waste materials can easily diffuse through the intercellular spaces. Though, in
Respiratory system of Crustacea ?
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