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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Periodic Variations in Light-Diurnal and Seasonal We know that rotation of the earth on its axis accounts for day-to-night variations in the amount of radiations falling at a g
X-ray Chest It is helpful in assessing heart size. One should look for presence of pericarditis, pulmonary oedema or pulmonary congestion. ECG One should look for pro
Explain the term- Latent Squint (Anisophoria or Heterophoria) This eye condition occurs when the balance of extra-ocular muscles is altered. There is a tendency of the eye to
Picaridin Laboratory and field studies documenting the efficacy of picaridin. No published data are available on the efficacy of the 7% solution now available in the US. Insec
Advantages of mucoperiosteal flap There is no tissue loss It is advantageous in cases where there is deficiency of keratinized tissue and the soft tissue is not lost, but ma
Levels of organization of Matter- Metazoa The smallest structural units of all matter are subatomic particles, mainly electrons, protons and neutrons. The next larger units a
Q. Give some Chlorine-releasing compound? Of all the chlorine - releasing compounds, hypochlorites have been the choice disinfectants used in food industry. The hypoc
Animal tissue
Name two stimulant drugs and state the undesirable side-effects of each. Amphetamine and cocaine are stimulant drugs. The side-effects of amphetamines are high blood pressure;
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