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Staphylococci exist in air, dust, sewage, water, milk and food or on food equipment, environmental surfaces, humans and animals. Humans and animals are the primary reservoirs. Staphylococci are present in the nasal passages and throats and on the hair and skin of 50 percent or more of healthy individuals. A wide range of foods maybe involved in Staphylococcal food poisoning including ham, turkey, chicken and chicken salad, baked products, especially filled pastries, table ready-meats (sausage etc.), precooked frozen foods and dairy products.
S. aureus cells are relatively more resistant than many gram negative food spoilage organisms. Human intoxication is caused by ingesting enterotoxins produced in food by strains of S. aureus, usually because the food has not been kept hot enough (60ºC, or above) or cold enough (7.2ºC, or below). In frozen foods they may survive even at -10ºC. In general, survival of S. aureus is best in foods that contain high concentration of sugars, eggs and buffering component such as phosphates and protein. Salt concentration less than 9.5%, temperature more than 20ºC and a pH in the range 6-8 are favourable for growth and enterotoxin formation.
Four major groups of lipoproteins help in transport of lipids. These include: 1. Chylonzicrons-function is to carry dietary triacylglycerols 2. Very low density lipoprot
Plants of the open water zone In this zone plants are restricted to the limnetic one and generally consist of phytoplankton such as dinoflagellates, blue green algae and green
Question 1: Differentiate between Traditional, complementary and alternative medicines. Cite examples for each type. Definition of Traditional, alternative medicines and
Insulin Pump An insulin pump is a device used for the administration of insulin, also known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy. The device includes: - the
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What is the difference among sexual spores and gametes? Do humans present sexual spores or gametes? Sexual spores are structures formed from meiosis with ploidy (number of chro
SEXUA L REPRODUCTION 1 . Amphigony - Zygote is formed. (i) Syngamy Fusion of gametes. (a) Endogamy - It involves self fertilisation. e.g.
Define Factors that affect the requirement of Protein? Protein requirement is greatly influenced by many factors such as age, environmental temperature, energy intake, gender,
Explain the Applications of vitamin B 12 Cyanocobalamin is used in the preparation of liquid and dry drug formulations of all kinds. In the animal feed industry, usually co
Preparation and properties of modified starches Improved performance of starches may be realized by physical and chemical modifications. The major physically modified starch i
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