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When is a transaction rolled back?
Any changes that the aborted transaction made to the database must be uncompleted. While the changes caused by an aborted transaction have been undone, then the transaction has been rolled back.
Association as a cache This association must be updated when any new element is added to it, but testing for overlap using association is more efficient. Figure:
write program
A model in database system mostly defines the organisation of data or structure and a set of operations on that data. Relational model is a easy model in which database is represen
Illustrate the statement 'Projection operation distributes over the union operation'. Give an example. Ans: Π L (E 1 ∪ E 2 ) = (Π L (E 1 )) ∪ (Π L (E 2 )) This says th
Types of Data fragmentation
Explain Clustering file organization (i) Determine if a record of file is physically ordered on a nonkey field - that does not comprise a different value for each record - that
What is Disadvantages Of DBMS ? 1. Cost of Software and Hardware and Migration - A important disadvantage of the DBMS system is cost. 2. Reduced Response and Throughpu
data models are being replaced over years. Reasons and why does that happen?
Explain Data Dictionary in short?
What are the DBMS languages? Explain. Ans: a) Data Definition Languages (DDL): It is employed to specify database schema for example CREATE DROP statements etc. b) Dat
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