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What is the use of integrity constraints?
Integrity constraints make sure that changes made to the database by authorized users do not result in a loss of data consistency. Therefore integrity constraints guard against accidental damage to the database.
Aggregate functions Some of these functions are min, count, max, and avg. These functions help in getting consolidated information from a set of tuples. Example:
A model in database system mostly defines the organisation of data or structure and a set of operations on that data. Relational model is a easy model in which database is represen
When are they useful? Justify with an example. The temporary tables are commonly used to support specialized rollups or exact application processing needs. Unlike a permanent t
User error : This contains errors in the program (e.g., Logical errors) with errors made by online users of database. These types of errors can be avoided by applying some check
What is called block-level striping? Block level striping stripes blocks across many disks. It treats the array of disks as a large disk, and provides blocks logical numbers
What are the basic objects of the data dictionary? Tables Domains Data elements Structures Foreign Keys
How does Oracle act as ODBC and give examples of front end uses with ODBC? ODBC achieve portability at the level of the executable by introducing an extra level of indirection.
Define the concept of aggregation. Give two examples where this concept is useful. Ans: Aggregation transforms a relationship among the objects into a higher-level object. A
Secondary Indexes Let consider the student database and its clustering index and primary (only one will be applicable at a time). Now consider the state when the database is to
Backward Recovery (UNDO): In this system the uncommitted changes made by a transaction to a database are undone. Instead the system is reset to the last consistent state of databa
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