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Question:
a) Describe five advantages of LED lighting over conventional incandescent lighting.
b) State two impairments that reduces the radiant flux of a surface-emitting LED. Illustrate one way how any one of these impairments may be addressed?
c) Illustrate how white light can be generated using a blue Gallium Nitride (GaN) LED.
d) Find the composition of the quaternary alloy In1-xGaxAsyP1-y for making semiconductor LEDs operating at 1.27μm. The bandgap energy Eg of the quartenary alloy in eV is then given by the empirical relationship Eg = 1.35 - 0.72y + 0.12y2 where y=2.2x. e) Given a particular Gallium Nitride (GaN) Edge-emitting LED drawing a current 50 mA when the voltage is 1.5 V and operating at 450 nm wavelength with light power of 5 µW coupled with a 9 µm single-mode fibre.
i) What is the colour of the light emitted from the LED? ii) Calculate the overall efficiency of the LED. iii) Calculate its internal quantum efficiency given that Tr = 50ns and Tnr = 70 ns. iv) Hence, calculate the internal optical power generated by the LED.
Explain the delay model based on logical effort often used in estimating delays in logic cells. Hence use the model to predict the delay of a 4-input NOR logic cell with a 3 times
Revenue Loss Due to Loss of Opportunity to Serve The revenue loss because of "loss of opportunity to serve" is a extremely relevant but less visible aspect of revenue loss. Gu
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Complier-High Level language It also translates the whole high level program into object program if it does not have any syntax error. The disadvantage of the in
if JK flip flop has 1600hz frequency .then what is the input frequency?
Metering Standards Relevant standards on metering are given in Table. Table: Relevant Metering Standards Standards Description
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