Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
What is risk factor interaction ?
Coronary artery disease, as has been explained, is a multifactorial disease with diverse risk factors coming together and interacting to produce the pathological changes. The presence of a number of risk factors in a single individual increases the risk many times. Studies such as the Framingham and the MRFIT have clearly shown that the coexistence of multiple risk factors confers a magnified risk which is multiplicative rather than additive. It means that the various risk factors work synergistically to increase the coronary risk and mortality in an exponential manner. A smoker with modest elevations of cholesterol and blood pressure is at greater risk of coronary death than a non-smoker with severe Hypertension or marked hypercholesterolemia. A single risk factor is not sufficiently sensitive to identify all individuals at high risk of coronary artery disease. The bulk of CAD occur in individuals with only moderate elevations of a number of risk factors rather than in those who lie at the upper end of a single risk factor.
Figure: Multiplicative effect of risk factors
The above picture gives us an idea about the multiplicative effect of various risk factors. The estimated 10 yeas coronary risk show11 here is based on six risk factors - blood pressure, total cholesterol ( TC), HDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and presence of ventricular enlargement. As can be seen, the 10 year risk in those without any of the risk factors is less than 10 per cent. II increases to 20 percent when the systematic BP rises to 160 mm Hg and TC becomes 260 mg/dl. The risk increases further to 30 per cent in presence of additional risk factors like diabetes and low HDL cholesterol. Cigarette smoking increases the risk further to 40 per cent whereas ill presence of cardiac enlargement rises steeply to about 60 per cent. This is an important principle Lo remember for preventive measures, because the benefit obtained by improving all the risk factors together, even marginally, is definitely larger than that of strictly controlling a single factor and not addressing the other ones. The demonstration of such multiplicative risk has given rise to the concept of "comprehensive Cardio-vascular risk" or "total risk", estimating the individual's overall risk of developing Cardio-vascular disease resulting front the consortium of factors. This is particularly relevant in the Indian context because of the clustering of risk factors among ethnic Indians.
Question 1 Explain how will you perform ward radiography? Question 2 Discuss the radiographic projections recommended for imaging the first to third cervical vertebr
can you give brief diagram of the tracheal system of cockroach?
Explain Two major causes of severe Protein Energy Malnutrition? Two major causes of severe PEM are diluted milk formulae and infections, especially diarrhoea in poor communiti
What do you understand by Heterotrophic? Organisms which are not capable of converting light into chemical energy. They should consume other organisms or material produced by o
Why lymph is called the middle man of our body?
Explain TechnologicaI advances of clinical dietitian TechnologicaI advances in nutritional support for the critically ill have enhanced the clinical dietitian's role. In the
How Nutritional status affects the BMR? Under nutrition and starvation are the factors which require consideration. Prolonged under nutrition or starvation causes a reduction o
Define Application of Nutrition Knowledge in Geld of Sports? By the time you are ready to do this unit, you have been exposed to a good deal of the basic knowledge of nutrition
Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
Techniques: operation is done under general endo tracheal anaesthesia. Patient is positioned with the left chest tilted up using a sand bag under left chest. Left antero latera
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd