Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
What is risk factor interaction ?
Coronary artery disease, as has been explained, is a multifactorial disease with diverse risk factors coming together and interacting to produce the pathological changes. The presence of a number of risk factors in a single individual increases the risk many times. Studies such as the Framingham and the MRFIT have clearly shown that the coexistence of multiple risk factors confers a magnified risk which is multiplicative rather than additive. It means that the various risk factors work synergistically to increase the coronary risk and mortality in an exponential manner. A smoker with modest elevations of cholesterol and blood pressure is at greater risk of coronary death than a non-smoker with severe Hypertension or marked hypercholesterolemia. A single risk factor is not sufficiently sensitive to identify all individuals at high risk of coronary artery disease. The bulk of CAD occur in individuals with only moderate elevations of a number of risk factors rather than in those who lie at the upper end of a single risk factor.
Figure: Multiplicative effect of risk factors
The above picture gives us an idea about the multiplicative effect of various risk factors. The estimated 10 yeas coronary risk show11 here is based on six risk factors - blood pressure, total cholesterol ( TC), HDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and presence of ventricular enlargement. As can be seen, the 10 year risk in those without any of the risk factors is less than 10 per cent. II increases to 20 percent when the systematic BP rises to 160 mm Hg and TC becomes 260 mg/dl. The risk increases further to 30 per cent in presence of additional risk factors like diabetes and low HDL cholesterol. Cigarette smoking increases the risk further to 40 per cent whereas ill presence of cardiac enlargement rises steeply to about 60 per cent. This is an important principle Lo remember for preventive measures, because the benefit obtained by improving all the risk factors together, even marginally, is definitely larger than that of strictly controlling a single factor and not addressing the other ones. The demonstration of such multiplicative risk has given rise to the concept of "comprehensive Cardio-vascular risk" or "total risk", estimating the individual's overall risk of developing Cardio-vascular disease resulting front the consortium of factors. This is particularly relevant in the Indian context because of the clustering of risk factors among ethnic Indians.
Pulmonary Stenosis : The obstruction may be valvar, infundibular or supra valvar.
This problem refers to the MN and ABO loci mentioned in class. It also refers to the Rh locus, which is responsible for the positive/negative part of the blood type. The Rh+ allele
What type of respiration does earthworm has ? In many complex animals, the cells of internal organs are distant from the outside environment; respiratory systems provide the passag
Define Stage - Parts of the Microscope? It is a fixed platform positioned about halfway up the arm and provide surface for keeping the slide. Slide is held in position either b
What are fluid and deposit feeding in holozoic animals
Q. What is the anemia? What are the four major types of anemia? Anemia is low concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, the four major kind of anemia are the nutrient-deficienc
What are the Luria's methods and theories Adhering to our theory that the Luria Nebraska bears little resemblance to Luria's methods and theories, there seems little point in i
Define Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Technique? Ziehl-Neelsen staining is used for staining these bacteria. The technique was discovered first by Robert Koch during his pioneering inv
Explain the Composition of Blood Agar? Infusion from beef heart - 500 gm Tryptose - 10.0 gm Sodium Chloride - 5.0 gm Agar - 15 gm Distilled water - 1000 ml pH
About 90% of ozone of atmosphere resides in stratosphere (16 to 40 km) layer of atmosphere as ozone layer. It protects life on this planet from harmful U.V. radiations. In absence
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd