What is risk factor interaction, Biology

Assignment Help:

What is risk factor interaction ?

Coronary artery disease, as has been explained, is a multifactorial disease with diverse risk factors coming together and interacting to produce the pathological changes. The presence of a number of risk factors in a single individual increases the risk many times. Studies such as the Framingham and the MRFIT have clearly shown that the coexistence of multiple risk factors confers a magnified risk which is multiplicative rather than additive. It means that the various risk factors work synergistically to increase the coronary risk and mortality in an exponential manner. A smoker with modest elevations of cholesterol and blood pressure is at greater risk of coronary death than a non-smoker with severe Hypertension or marked hypercholesterolemia. A single risk factor is not sufficiently sensitive to identify all individuals at high risk of coronary artery disease. The bulk of CAD occur in individuals with only moderate elevations of a number of risk factors rather than in those who lie at the upper end of a single risk factor.

1274_Multiplicative effect of risk factors.png

Figure: Multiplicative effect of risk factors

The above picture gives us an idea about the multiplicative effect of various risk factors. The estimated 10 yeas coronary risk show11 here is based on six risk factors - blood pressure, total cholesterol ( TC), HDL cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and presence of ventricular enlargement. As can be seen, the 10 year risk in those without any of the risk factors is less than 10 per cent. II increases to 20 percent when the systematic BP rises to 160 mm Hg and TC becomes 260 mg/dl. The risk increases further to 30 per cent in presence of additional risk factors like diabetes and low HDL cholesterol. Cigarette smoking increases the risk further to 40 per cent whereas ill presence of cardiac enlargement rises steeply to about 60 per cent. This is an important principle Lo remember for preventive measures, because the benefit obtained by improving all the risk factors together, even marginally, is definitely larger than that of strictly controlling a single factor and not addressing the other ones. The demonstration of such multiplicative risk has given rise to the concept of "comprehensive Cardio-vascular risk" or "total risk", estimating the individual's overall risk of developing Cardio-vascular disease resulting front the consortium of factors. This is particularly relevant in the Indian context because of the clustering of risk factors among ethnic Indians.


Related Discussions:- What is risk factor interaction

The glomerular filtrate in comparison to the blood, What is the main transf...

What is the main transformation presented by the glomerular filtrate in comparison to the blood? Glomerular filtrate is the name given to the plasma after it has passed the glo

How different are gymnosperms from bryophytes, How different are gymnosperm...

How different are gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes? Gymnosperms are not cryptogamic as bryophytes and pteridophytes are. They are phanerogamic and so they form flo

What is coronary disease, What is coronary disease? Coronary disease, o...

What is coronary disease? Coronary disease, or coronary insufficiency, is a disease in which there is total or partial obstruction of one or more of the arteries that irrigate

Explain thetechnique of total anomalous surgery, Explain theTechnique of to...

Explain theTechnique of total anomalous Surgery ? Corrective surgery is undertaken as an emergency procedure after diagnosis has been confirmed by two-dimensional echocardiogra

Diversity is good axioms of conservation biology, "Diversity is good" is on...

"Diversity is good" is one of the axioms of conservation biology. However in absentia of historical information, why is noting higher diversity in a system NOT the best way to eval

What is hdls, HDLs have the opposite function to that of LDLs in which they...

HDLs have the opposite function to that of LDLs in which they deleted cholesterol from the tissues.  The HDLs are synthesized in the blood mainly from components derived from the d

Most appropiate hypothesis about the origin of life on earth, What is the m...

What is the most accepted hypothesis about the origin of life on earth? How does it compare to the other main hypotheses? The heterotrophic hypothesis is the strongest and most

What is cell biology, What is cell biology? Cell biology is the ...

What is cell biology? Cell biology is the science of studying how cells function like as their reproduction and metabolism, their internal and external anatomy.

Transport of substances done across the bryophyte tissue, How is the transp...

How is the transport of substances done across the bryophyte tissues? How is this feature related to the general size of these plants? In bryophytes there are no water-conduct

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd