Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
What is Q-switching in laser ? Give its application. Discuss the elementary idea of mode locking.
Generation of high power pulses
There are three basic techniques to generate high power pulses from laser. These are called : 1. Q-Switching 2. Cavity Damping 3. Mode Locking. In normal mode, some lasers work in continuous wave mode while others work in pulsed wave mode. In both the modes power obtained is generally small. In many applications we require high power lasers even though for a very small duration. The above techniques are useful for large peak powers even though for short time. Q-switching and mode locking techniques are discussed as under:
Q-Switching
When we switch in the laser, optical pumping rate towards a steady state which depends on the pumping rate towards upper level to the decay rate towards lower level. Here laser beam begin to grow and ultimately reaches a saturation state when the intensity starts drawing energy from the medium. As the beam grows, population density N is reduced by stimulated emission and consequently the inversion density reaches a new lower steady steady value. The time to teach this new equilibrium value is the time required for the developing beam to make m transits through the amplifier and the relation is given by where d-distance between two mirrors l-length of gain medium nL-refractive index of the medium nc-refractive index of the space within cavity that does not include gain medium. Values of t range between 1 ns to 103 ns in most laser system, the upper inner level life time is shorter than t except in case of solid state lasers in which upper level life time t is longer than t . If it were possible to pump this solid state gain media for the duration of t without the cavity in place and then suddenly switch the cavity back into place, it would be possible to operate laser with highest possible gain and thereby get higher peak in the form of a giant pulse as the gain is much above the steady state condition. The process of observing the above technique is called Q-Switching as in this case the cavity is changed from low Q to a high Q state, where Q corresponds to the energy stored to the energy dissipated within the cavity. In order to produce necessary high inversion density required for Q-Switching, the following requirement must be satisfied.
Mode Locking
In Q-Switching, the pulses generated are short but their duration is – few ns. Another technique has been developed where optical pulses as short as 6*10-15 sec can be obtained and this technique is called mode locking. For visible pulses of such a short duration, the electric field oscillated for only a few cycles. Mode locking is achieved by combining in phase a number of distinct longitudinal modes of a laser, all having different frequencies. When modes of waves of different frequencies but random phases are added, they produce a fandom distributed, average output of both the electric field and the intensity in the time domain. The first mode-locking was obtained by Hargrave, Fork and Pollack and since the this technique has become a powerful method of producing very short duration pulses of the order of 10-11th 10-12 sec.
Magnetic permeability and the B/H curve To measure the relationship between field strength H and flux density B for a material, a sample is made into a closed ring and a magne
i v characteristics of practical current source
A unity negative feedback control system has an open loop transfer function consisting of two poles, two zeros and a variable positive gain K. The zeros are located at -2 and -1, a
A very widely used alternative form of synchronous motor is the ' indu c tion motor'. This has the advantage that it does not require an auxiliary motor to run the rotor up t
A 3-kVA, 220:110-V, 60-Hz, single-phase transformer yields these test data: • Open-circuit test: 200 V, 1.4 A, 50 W • Short-circuit test: 4.5 V, 13.64 A, 30 W Determine th
Evaluate currents in the circuits: Determine currents I 1 and I 2 in the given circuits by applying KVL. Solution We apply KVL for first loop : 10 = 1 I 1 + 1 (
Q. Single-axis autopilot control system of an aircraft? Figure (a) shows the block diagram of a simplified single-axis (pitch, yaw, or roll) autopilot control systemwith digita
Q. An operational amplifier stage is typically represented by the circuit of Figure. For the values given, determine V out and the power supplied by the 2.5-V source.
Figure shows two first-order triangular finite elements used to solve the Laplace equation for electrostatic potential. Find a local S-matrix for each triangle, and a global S-mat
what ''s part of dcmotor or dc generator
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +1-415-670-9521
Phone: +1-415-670-9521
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd