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What is NULL? Give an example to described testing for NULL in SQL?
The NULL SQL keyword is used to represent either a missing value or a value which is not applicable in a relational table. Consider there is a relation:
Person(id, name, address, phone)Now to search ids and names of person who do not have a phone is: Select id, name from Person where phone is null
For each m:n relationship type R, we make a new table (say S) to represent R. We also contain the primary key attributes of both the participating entity types as a foreign key att
What are domain constraints? A domain is a set of values that might be assigned to an attribute .all values that appear in a column of a relation must be taken fro
Problem: (a) Given the following relation: Stats(Name,Sex,Children, Occupation, Salary, Tax, Audits) Write SQL code to define the following security constraints: (i) User
Hot Backup: Some sites cannot terminate the database while creating a backup copy of the files. The cold backup is not a reliable option. So different kinds of backing up database
Project Description: This is a Customer Management project. Customer data is presented in a text file. The program can load this text data into its database columns. The data ma
Durability : This property necessitates that once a transaction has committed, the changes made by it be never lost because of subsequent failure. Thus, a transaction is also a bas
Atomicity: It describes a transaction to be a one unit of processing. We can also say either a transaction will be finished completely or not at all. In the transaction example 1
What are the uses of the information in the Data dictionary? The following information is directly taken from the Data dictionary: Information on fields displayed with
How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Discuss any three rules for query optimisation, giving example as to when should each rule be applied. Ans
Define access time. Access time is the time from when a read or write request is issued to when data transfer starts.
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