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Q. What is Input-output processors?
let's briefly summarize the development in area of input/output functions. These can be briefed as below:
1. CPU directly controls a peripheral device.
2. Addition of I/O controller or I/O interface: CPU employs programmed I/O with no interrupts. CPU was separated from details of external I/O interfaces.
3. Contained use of I/O controllers however with interrupts: CPU need not spend time waiting for an I/O operation to be executed, increasing efficiency.
4. Direct access of I/O interface to memory through DMA: CPU involvement decreased to at beginning and at end of DMA operation.
5. CPU directs I/O processors to execute an I/O program in memory. I/O processor fetches as well as executes these instructions with no CPU intervention. This permits CPU to specify a series of I/O activities and to be interrupted only when complete sequence has been performed. With this architecture a large set of I/O devices can be managed with minimum CPU involvement.
With last two steps (4 and 5) a main change takes place with introduction of concept of an I/O interface capable of executing a program. For steps 5 the I/O interface is frequently referred to as an I/O processor and I/O channel.
What is said to be side effect? When a location other than one explicitly named in an instruction as a destination operand is affected, the instruction is said to have a side e
Examples of artificial neural networks: Now here as an example consider a ANN that has been trained to learn the following rule categorising the brightness of 2x2 black and wh
Clipboard is a temporary storage location in Windows. The clipart will kept one piece of information at a time when it is manually added to the clipart or is copied there.
In academic year a researcher can either be employed as a professor or a lab assistant.there are three kinds of professors: assistant,associate and full professors.drow E-R DIAGRAM
Design a 4-bit comparator using combinational logic, and Karnaugh Maps. The inputs of the circuit are two 2-bit numbers. a) Construct the truth table given 2-bits inputs A and B, a
TRP is the number of clock cycles required to terminate access to an open row of memory, and open access to the next row. It stand for row precharge time.
This comes at the complication time, If we give the LOGO option to the compiler, it take a bitmap file (i.e., ) as logo previous to loading the Application.
Q. LIFO under perpetual inventory procedure? LIFO under perpetual inventory procedure observes Exhibit to see the LIFO method using perpetual inventory procedure. In this proce
Q. Explain the type of micro-operations? Let's first discuss type of micro-operations. Most common micro-operations performed in a digital computer can be categorized into 4 ca
what are the steps to implement bus topology?
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