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What is indexed sequential file organization? What are the applications of this organization?
Ans: An index file can be employed to effectively overcome the problem of storing and to speed up the key search also. The very simple indexing structure is the single-level one: a file whose records are pair's key-pointer, in which the pointer is the position in the data file of the record along with the given key. Just only a subset of data records, consistently spaced along the data file, are indexed, thus to mark intervals of data records.
A key search after that proceeds as follows: the search key is compared with the index ones to find out the highest index key preceding the search one, and a linear search is carried out from the record the index key points onward, till the search key is matched or until the record pointed by the next index entry is reached. In place of the double file access (index + data) needed by this type of search, the decrease in access time along with respect to a sequential file is important.
What is substitutability? Any method of a class-say A can equally well be adjured with any object belonging to any subclasses B of A. This characteristic leads to code reuse, a
Benefits of Hashed file Organisation 1. Insertion or search on hash-key is quick. 2. Best if equality search is required on hash-key. Drawbacks of Hashed file
Lock Based Protocol A lock is nothing but a mechanism that tells the DBMS whether a particular data item is being used by any transaction for read/write purpose. As there are t
Consider the join of a relation R with relation S. If R has m tuples and S has n tuples, then the maximum size of join is: If R has m tuples and S has n tuples then maximum siz
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to apply aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to
Explain Record Based Logical Models? Record-Based logical Models: Also define data at the conceptual and view levels. Unlike object-oriented models, are used to state overall
Drawbacks of Data Distribution: The primary drawbacks of distributed database systems are the added complexity needed to ensure proper coordination between the sites. This increas
triggering
How can you Start MySQL Server? To start the mysql program type it is name in the command- line prompt. After starting mysql program just display A welcome letter using the
read-set(T) : Each data items that are read by a transaction T Timestamps : for all transaction T, the start-time and the end time are reserved for all the three phases.
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