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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
What is a query tree? Ans: A query tree, as well known as operator graph, is a tree data structure that corresponds to a relational algebra expression. It denotes the inpu
Discuss the mechanism to read data from and write to a disk? Disk read/write heads are mechanisms in which read data from or write data to disk drives. The heads have gone by
Question: This question refers to the database schema. a) Express the following queries in SQL: (i) Write the SQL code that will create the table Company. Your answer sh
examples of fields in a database
What is a data dictionary? A data dictionary is a data structure which keeps Meta data about the structure of the database i.e. the schema of the database.
Consider the relations City (city_name, state) Hotel (name, address) City_hotel (hotel_name, city_name, owner) Answer the following queries in relational algebra (i) Find
Consider the following relations: BRANCH( bno, street, area, city, pcode, Tel_no, Fax_no) STAFF( Sno, Fname, Lname, address, position , salary, bno) Express the subsequent qu
Explain the Deferred Update The deferred update methods do not physically update the database on disk till after a transaction reaches its commit point; after that the updates
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Hierarchical
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