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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
Special comparison operator used in where Clause a. between. ...and...It gives range among two values (inclusive) Example: SELECT ENAME, SAL FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWE
can you please explain with the help of suitable example the difference between conflict equivalence and conflict serializability?
What are uncommitted modifications? The immediate-modification technique permits database modifications to be output to the database whereas the transaction is still in the act
Define the Boyce-Codd Normal Form with instance and also Compare BCNF and 3NF. Ans: BCNF: For each functional dependency X->Y in a set F of functional dependencies over relati
These permit the user to unload a database or parts of a database and reload the data on the similar machine, or on another machine in a dissimilar location. This can be useful in
There are three main sources of utilities and applications for a DBMS: a. Vendor applications and utilities are given for working with or maintaining the database, and generally
Write short notes on relational model The relational model uses a collection of tables to show both data and the relationships between those data. The relational model is an ex
Problem 1. Describe the following a) Advantages of Database Systems b) Functions of a DBMS Explanation of part (a) and (b) 2. Explain the following concepts w
Define reference file
Explain the Attribute inheritance Ans: Throughout the rendering of the objects in a view, attribute sets of objects higher in the view hierarchy are inherited via objects below
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