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What is data independence?
Data Independence: Techniques which permit data to be changed without affecting the applications in which procedure it. There are two types of data independence. The first type is data independence for data that is accomplished in a database management system (DBMS). It permits the database to be structurally changed without affecting most existing programs. Programs access data in a DBMS through field and are concerned with just the data fields they use, not the format of the finished record. Therefore, when the record layout is updated (fields added, deleted or changed in size), the only programs which must be changed are those in which use those new fields.
Multilevel Index The Multilevel Index is a modification of the secondary level index system. In this system we might be use even more number of levels in case the table is eve
Limitations of File Based System The file-based system has some limitations. The limitations are listed as follows: Isolation and separation of data: When the data is
Write a short note on oracle Instance? Oracle Instances: An instance is the (executed) Oracle software and the memory they use. It is the instance which manipulates the data s
Create a table according to given data: AmbulanceDriver(Driver_Number#, Name, Address, Birth_Date) AmbulanceDriverTeam(Team_Number#, Driver_Number#, Join_Date, Lea
Q. Explain the terms key constraints participation constraints and mapping caradinalities in ER model. Participation Constraints : The participation of an entity set E i
What is data integrity? Ans: It is the data consisted of in database that is accurate and consistent. (Data integrity means that the data should be valid as per to the give
What is catalog in DBMS? Catalog - A relational DBMS maintains information about every table and index in which it contains. A catalog is a collection of special tables that st
The Conceptual Level or Global level The conceptual level presents a logical view of the complete database as a unified whole. It permits the user to bring all the data in th
Consider a database schema consisting of four relations, whose schemas are: Product (maker, model, type) PC (model, speed, ram, hd, price) Laptop (model, speed, ram, hd, s
Multiple column Queries: Syntax: SELECT COLUMN1, COL2,...... FROM TABLE WHERE (COLUMN1, COL2, ...) IN (SELECT COLUMN1, COL2,.... FROM TABLE WHERE );
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