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What is completeness constraint on generalization? Define the variation between total and partial design constraint. Give an example each.
Ans: Completeness Constraints
1. Total specialization constraint
a. Each entity in the superclass should be a member of some subclass in the specialization for example {HOURLY_EMPLOYEE, SALARIED_EMPLOYEE}
b. Notation: superclass
2. Partial specialization constraint an entity might not belong to any type of the subclasses
For example: {SECRETARY, ENGINEER, TECHNICIAN}
File Organisation And Its Types Just as arrays, trees, lists and other data structures are used to execute data Organisation in main memory, a number of planning's are used to
Concatenation operator Example : Printing name and job as one string as column name employees: SELECT ENAME||JOB "EMPLOYEES" FROM EMP;
explain the level architectures of the database management system
Data Fragmentation "Fragmentation includes decomposing the data in relation to non-overlapping component relations". Why do we require fragmenting a relation?
a) Suppose we updated the catalog tables in real time, that is, after every update, insert, or delete SQL statement were executed-rather than only running RUNSTATS once every few
List the drawbacks of relational database system A) Repetition of data B) Inability to s certain information.
What is an entity relationship model? The entity relationship model is a collection of basic objects known as entities and relationship between those objects. An
Explain pipelining. Ans: In order to describe pipelining in simple terms, think of it as breaking down processor functions into smaller and smaller parts. For instance,
What is an index? An index is a structure that helps to place desired records of a relation quickly, without probing all records.
In which relational modes, cardinality is termed? Answer : Cardinality is termed in a number of tuples relational modes.
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