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Q. What is Cardiac Catheterization?
Routine cardiac catheterization is not necessary in patients with mitral regurgitation. It may be done when there is discrepancy between clinical findings and non invasive tests or preoperatively to do coronary angiography before mitral valve replacement in a patient in whom associated coronary artery disease is a possibility. Pressure tracings may show a prominent ‘v' wave in pulmonary capillary wedge tracings but this in neither a sensitive nor specific finding even in a patient with severe mitral regurgitation as height of ‘v' wave depends upon left atrial compliance.
Exercise hemodynamics may provide additional information. Left ventricular angiography may give a qualitative assessment of mitral regurgitation but this is not an objective method. Quantification of mitral regurgitation has been attempted by measuring forward cardiac output by Fick's method and stroke volume by left ventricular angiogram, but this is highly erroneous. However, left ventricular angiogram gives information about left ventricular size, function, severity of mitral regurgitation and regional wall motion abnormalities.
Raised blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The higher the blood pressure, the higher the risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, heart
Modalities Available for Sterilization The most accepted methods of sterilization can be classified as follows: Physical Agents: These comprise of: Sunlight Drying
Lactase non-persistence is an example of a genetic trait that has been influenced by cultural factors.Domestication of animals by humans began approximately 10 000 years ago. Farm
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Pressure Gradient You know that air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere over a unit area of the earth's surface. The average air pressure at sea level is approximately 1 k
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the endothelial surface of the heart. The characteristic lesion, the vegetation, is a variably sized amorphous mass of plate
Honey comes under the purview of Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA). Due to its limited production and high cost, honey is prone to adulteration by cane sugar, invert sy
Each ribosome having of two subunits a small subunit and a large subunit, every of that is a multi component complex of rRNAs (ribosomal RNAs) and ribosomal proteins t
Q. What are hormones? Hormones are substances collected by the circulation and secreted by the endocrine glands that act to produce effects upon specific tissues and organs and
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