The "Black Codes" in the ex-Confederate states: [a] established racial segregation during Congressional Reconstruction [b] set up the Freedmen's Bureau [c] were very similar to the antebellum or pre-Civil War "slave codes" [d] were proposed with the hope of instituting genuine land reform in the South [e] gave former slaves civic and political equality with whites during Presidential Reconstruction.

This popular form of entertainment among urban men in the North demonstrated the blatant racism characteristic of antebellum American society: [a] cockfighting, ratting, and dog fights [b] cheap novels and the penny press [c] minstrel shows [d] lyceum lectures and concerts [e] prizefighting.