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What is Atomic Models?The concept of atoms was first suggested by the ancient Greeks. The atom was supposed to be the smallest piece of matter. Then J. J. Thompson discovered the electron, and the atom was found to be made of several smaller pieces. Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment in which he shot alpha particles at thin gold foil. Based on his observations, he constructed a model of an atom that was mostly empty space. Practically all of the atom's mass is concentrated in a very small central nucleus, which is positively charged because of its protons; the nucleus is surrounded by an equal number of negatively charged electrons that are relatively far away. In 1913, Niels Bohr postulated that the hydrogen atom had one proton with one electron, which could only occupy definite allowed orbits. The most stable orbit is the one closest to the nucleus, and the atom is in the ground state when the electron occupies this most stable orbit. Only certain amounts of energy can be absorbed and used in order to have the electron jump to a higher energy orbit. When the electron returns to the lowest orbit, the atom can only give off a photon of energy equal to the change in energy of the electron. Only orbits where mvr = nh/2Π for the electron are possible. The principal quantum number, n, can be 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The diagram shows the energy levels of hydrogen.
Unpolarized light: In ordinary light (light from sun, bulb etc.) the electric field vectors are given in all directions in a light is known as unpolarized light. The oscillation o
A ball with a mass of 25 grams is dropped from ledge 908 meters above the ground. What is its kinetic energy the instant before it hits the ground? What is the potential energy of
applications of polarisation with explanation
A bullet with mass m is fired into a block of a mass M intially at rest at the edge of a frictionless table of a given height. the bullet remains in the block, and after the impact
This problem examines the seasonal solar radiation budget at three geographical locations: the Equator, 40º North, and 80º North. NOTES: At a given geographical location, N
BH curve: For any ferromagnetic material there is a definite value of flux density (B), corresponding to a specified value of magnetising force (H). These values can be ascert
What is lubricants
A trick with surface tension Get a used tin can and make five holes in it with a nail. The holes should be very close to the bottom of the can and about five millimetres apart.
The discharge over a triangular notch can be written as Q = (8/15) Cd (2g)0.5 tan(θ/2) H5/2 If an error of 1% in measuring H is introduced determine the corresponding error
A 240-turn solenoid having a length of 21 cm and a diameter of 8.8 cm carries a current of 0.44A. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic field inside the solenoid.
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