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What Is a CollectionThe collection is an ordered group of elements, all of similar type (for e.g. the grades for a class of students). Each element has a unique subscript which determines its position in the collection. The PL/SQL offers two collection types. The Items of type TABLE are either index-by tables or nested tables (that extend the functionality of the index-by tables). The Items of type VARRAY are varrays (short for the variable-size arrays).The Collections works like the arrays found in most of the third-generation programming languages. Though, collections can have only one dimension and should be indexed by the integers. (In few languages like Ada and Pascal, the arrays can have multiple dimensions and can be indexed by the enumeration types.)The Collections can store instances of an object type and, on the contrary, can be attributes of an object type. The collections can also be passed as parameters. Therefore, you can use them to move the columns of data into and out of the database tables or between client-side applications and stored subprograms. Moreover, you can define the collection types in a PL/SQL package, and then use them programmatically in your applications.
%ROWTYPE: This attribute gives a record type which represents a row in the database table or a row fetched from a formerly declared cursor. The Fields in the record and corresp
Why Use Cursor Variables ? Primarily, you use the cursor variables to pass the query result sets between the PL/SQL stored subprograms and different clients. Neither PL/SQL nor
Advantages of Exceptions Using the exceptions for the error handling has many benefits. Without an exception handling, every time you issue a command, you should ensure for th
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
Challenge 1 You are required to do the project and write a test plan for it. Demo 4 is a check writer program for employees. In it, the user enters all information about the
Restriction in SQL Syntax: SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM IS_CALLED WHERE Name = 'Boris' The WHERE clause operates on the result of the FROM clause in analogo
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Example of WHEN or THEN Constraints A concrete example showing how SQL supports WHEN/THEN constraints CREATE TABLE SAL_HISTORY (EmpNo CHAR (6), Salary INTEGER NOT NULL,
Anatomy of a Command Figure, showing a simple SQL command, is almost identical to its counterpart in the theory book. The only difference arises from the fact that SQL uses a
Structure of an Object Type: Similar to package, an object type has 2 parts: the specification and the body. The specification is the interface to your applications; it declar
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