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What do you mean through integrity constraints?
Integrity Constraints -An integrity constraint is a condition specified on a database schema and restricts the data in which can be stored within an instance of the database. If a database instance satisfies all the integrity constraints described on the database schema, it is a legal instance. A DBMS enforces integrity constraints, in which it allows only legal instances to be stored in the database.
List the Armstrong's axioms for functional dependencies. What do you understand by soundness and completeness of these axioms? Ans: The Armstrong's axioms are: F1:
What is a primary key? Primary key is chosen by the database designer as the principal means of identifying an entity in the entity set.
Types of Locks There are two necessary types of locks: Binary lock : This locking mechanism has two states for to a data item: locked or unlocked Multiple-mode loc
What is meant by heuristic optimisation? Discuss the main heuristics that are applied during query optimisation. Ans: In heuristic optimization, heuristics are employed to r
Question 1 Indexes are ocasionally defines on a single field of a file called an indexing field. List and describe the different types of indexes Question 2 Consider a book i
Define the five basic operators of relational algebra? Five basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪∪∪∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in both
Horizontal Fragmentation- Horizontal fragmentation groups together the tuples in a relation that are collectively used by the main transactions. A horizontal fragment is produced b
Question 1 List and explain various Normal Forms. How BCNF differs from the Third Normal Form and 4th Normal forms? Question 2 Describe the concepts of Structural Semantic Da
Mention various steps required to draw an E-R Diagram. Draw an E-R Diagram for Student Information System. Mention all suitable assumptions to justify your answer.
What does the cardinality ratio specify? Mapping cardinalities or cardinality ratios state the number of entities to which another entity can be associated. Mapping cardinaliti
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