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What do you mean through integrity constraints?
Integrity Constraints -An integrity constraint is a condition specified on a database schema and restricts the data in which can be stored within an instance of the database. If a database instance satisfies all the integrity constraints described on the database schema, it is a legal instance. A DBMS enforces integrity constraints, in which it allows only legal instances to be stored in the database.
What is a query tree? Ans: A query tree, as well known as operator graph, is a tree data structure that corresponds to a relational algebra expression. It denotes the inpu
Benefits of Sequential File Organisation It is quick and efficient when dealing with huge volumes of data that require being processed periodically (batch system). Dra
Eliminate Redundant Data In the "Database Relation" above, the primary key is made up of the D-ID and the Emp-ID. The database-name relies only on the D-ID. The similar databas
What are the time stamps associated with each data item? W-timestamp (Q) denotes the largest time stamp if any transaction that implemented WRITE (Q) successfully. R-timesta
Limitations of File Based System The file-based system has some limitations. The limitations are listed as follows: Isolation and separation of data: When the data is
How external/conceptual mapping and conceptual /internal mapping is performed
With the linear commit protocol, sites are connected in a chain, and the subtransaction at the left-hand end of the chain initiates the protocol. Propose a crash recovery protocol
Modular growth: In distributed environments, it is simple to expand. Latest sites can be added to the network without affecting the operations of other sites, as they are somewhat
Give a sample of the Dynamic Model. The sample of dynamic model is given below: Dynamic model for the car: Brake and Accelerator Brake or Applies Accelerator
a need some real life examples of database management systems three level of ANSI SPARC architecture life teacher and student ,company and employee or for NGO etc.
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