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Q. What do you mean by neurotransmitters?
- Nicotinic receptors (nicotine mimics the effects of Ach here). Found at NM-junction, ANS ganglions in general. Binding of Ach to nicotinic receptors is always excitatory (e.g. skeletal muscle contraction).
- Muscarinic receptors occur on all effector cells stimulated by the parasympathetic system. Effect of Ach on muscarinic receptors may be excitatory or inhibitory depending on target organ.
ACh -> (-) heart myocardium, however, ACh -> (+) GI tract smooth muscle
ACh is normally destroyed by ACh-ase, a degradative enzyme found on post-synaptic cells.
Nerve gas is a potent inhibitor of Ach-ase activity -> magnifies cholinergic effects, however, less potent is neostigmine (used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis).
Atropine is a reversible blocker of ACh used in cardiac rescucitation (blocks acetylcholine; so stimulates heart beat).
what is atp explain in detail?
Dr. Don McPhail and his colleagues hypothesized that the existence of the benthic and limnetic sticklebacks is the result of allopatric speciation. Although this may be true for so
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