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Q. What do you mean by Antenna gain?
Antenna gain depends on both shape and size. Dipole antennas, commonly used at lower radio frequencies, are made up of a rod or wire of length λ/10 to λ/2, and have an antenna-gain range of 1.5 to 1.64 (1.8 to 2.1 dB). Horn antennas and parabolic dishes (so named after their shapes) have much more gain at higher frequencies. A useful, although approximate, expression for gain is given by
where λ is the wavelength being transmitted (or received), and Ae is the effective aperture or effective area of the antenna. Power amplifiers are needed to overcome the radio-transmission loss just as in a transmission-line system. Similar considerations hold for optical radiation, in which the electromagnetic wave takes the form of a coherent light beam.
Circuit Symbols for MOSFET A range of symbols are employed for the MOSFET. The basic design is usually a line for the channel along with the source and drain leaving it at rig
The expression given in Problem for (S 0 /N 0 )PCM is plotted for a sinusoidal message in Figure to show the performance curves for a PCM system using a polar waveform. (a) Comm
Q. What do you understand by Analog to Digital conversion? What do you understand by A/D conversion? Give an explanation of any one of the following A/D techniques: (i) Su
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show the decoding logic for 11011 code if an active high and an active low output required
Discuss the DWORD assembler directive with example. DWORD: This defines word type variable. The described variable may have one or more initial values into the dire
A three-phase, wye-connected, 2300-V, four pole, 1000-kVA, 60-Hz synchronous machine has a synchronous reactanceXs = 5, a field resistance Rf = 10, and an approximately linear ma
LC Filter To the load resistance R L the ripple factor is directly proportional in the inductor filter and inversely proportional to R L in the capacitor filter. Hence i
What is the power of the signal transmitted by powerful cell phones? Ans) The powerful cell phones can transfer a signal of 3 watts.
Q. Use of N-channel JFET? Generally, N-channel JFETs are more commonly used than P-channel. With no voltage applied between gate and source, the channel is a wide-open path for
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