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Some important types of electrodes which are frequently used in electrochemical cells are described as follows:
Metal-metal ion electrode: such type of electrodes includes a metal rod dipped in the solution of its own ions. Some examples areZn/Zn2+, Ag/Ag+, Cu/Cu+ etc. Amalgam electrodes: these are similar to metal-metal ion electrodes, but here the metal is used in the form of its amalgam with hg. Amalgam is formed to modify the activity of metal. (An-Hg)/Zn2+ is one of the common examples of this type. Gas electrodes: such electrodes involve inert metal such as platinum dipped in the solution containing ions of the gaseous element. The arrangement is made in such a manner that gas and its ions are brought in contact at the surface of the inert metal. Some examples along with their electrode reactions are as follows: Hydrogen electrode : Pt, H2(g)/H+(aq) H2 2H+ + 2e- or 2H+ + 2e- H2 Chloride electrode : Pt, Cl2(g)/Cl-(aq) 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- or Cl2 + 2e- 2Cl- Bromine electrode : Pt, Br2(g)/Br-(aq) 2Br- 2Br2 + 2e- or Br2 + 2e- 2Br- Metal-metal insoluble salt-salt anion: in such electrodes, the metal and some sparingly soluble salt of metal are dipped in aqueous solution of some other soluble salt whose anion is same as that of sparingly soluble salt of the metal. One of the common examples is Ag-AgCl(s)/KCl(aq). Here, silver and sparingly soluble salt of Ag, i.e. AgCl is put in aqueous solution of KCl. The concentration of Ag+ions in KCl solution is controlled from the knowledge of Ksp of AgCl as follows. The electrode reactions are as follows: Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) AgCl + e- oxidization AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) reduction Another important example of this type of electrode is calomel electrode: Hg-Hg2Cl2(s)/KCl(aq), whose electrode reactions are: 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aq) Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- oxidization Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aq) reduction Redox electrodes: these electrodes include a platinum wire dipped in a solution of a mixture of two salts of the same metal having different oxidation states. Some ordinary examples are listed below: Pt, Fe2+/Fe2+ Fe2+ Fe2+ + e- Or, Fe2+ + e- Fe2+ Pt, Sn2+/Sn4+ Sn2+ Sn4+ + e- Or, Sn4+ + 2e- Sn2+
The maximum probability of finding an electron in the d xy orbital is: (1) Along the x-axis (2) Along the y-axis (3) At an angle of 45 0 degree from the x and y
The uncertainty in momentum of an electron is 1 x10 -5 kg- m/s . The uncertainty in its position will be (h= 6.62 x 10 -34 kg - m 2 / s): (1) 1.05 x 10- 28 m
Dessicants(drying agents) can often be regenerated by heating. A dessicant that is commonly regenerated is CaSO 4 .2H 2 O:
The maximum number of electrons which each sub-shell can occupy is: (1) 2n 2 (2) 2n (3) 2 (2l+1) (4) (2l+1) Ans: 2
Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde is the initial member of the aldehyde sequence. It is lie in green leaves of plants where its presence is supposed to be due to the reaction of with w
Q. Describe the manufacturing process of glass. Ans. Manufacturing process of glass 1. Melting: Raw materials, in proper properties mixed with pellets, are finally po
The quantum numbers for the outermost electron of an element are given below as n= 1, l=0, m=0, s = 1/2 . The atoms is: (1) Lithium (2) Beryllium (3) Hydrogen (4)
WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION IS INVOLVED IN POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION
The table below gives intrinsic viscosity values explained by viscometry and weight- average molar mass values explained under the similar conditions by static light scattering
Q. Determine the Uniqueness of Carbon? Ans. Carbon forms a very large number of compounds--over 4,000,000. This is far more than the number of compounds of all other eleme
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