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What are the problems if one were not to normalize? When do these problems surface?
Ans: Database normalization, sometimes considered to as canonical synthesis, is a method for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to preserve the database against specific types of logical or structural problems, that are data anomalies. For instance, when multiple instances of a given piece of information take place in a table, the possibility exists that these examples will not be kept consistent while the data within the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. A table that is adequately normalized is less vulnerable to problems of this type, as its structure reflects the basic assumptions for while multiple instances of similar information should be denoted by a single instance only.
What does authentication refer? Authentication refers to the task of verifying the uniqueness of a person.
How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Discuss any three rules for query optimisation, giving example as to when should each rule be applied. Ans
why older data models are being replaced by new data models.
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Differentiate between the object oriented decomposition and the structured decomposition? Process-oriented (structural) decomposition divides a complex process, function or tas
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Forward Recovery (Redo): In this system the committed changes made by a transaction are reapplied to a previous copy of the database. In simpler
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What is the most significant feature that does not directly map into programming language structures? Why? Association, since there are complex types of association, like as qu
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