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What are the problems if one were not to normalize? When do these problems surface?
Ans: Database normalization, sometimes considered to as canonical synthesis, is a method for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to preserve the database against specific types of logical or structural problems, that are data anomalies. For instance, when multiple instances of a given piece of information take place in a table, the possibility exists that these examples will not be kept consistent while the data within the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. A table that is adequately normalized is less vulnerable to problems of this type, as its structure reflects the basic assumptions for while multiple instances of similar information should be denoted by a single instance only.
Define outer union operation of the relational algebra. Compute the outer union for the relations R and S given below. Outer Join - If there are any values in one tabl
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What is vertical fragmentation? Vertical fragmentation divides the relation by decomposing the scheme R of relation r.
For Colorado customers calculate the number of single products ordered. If a product is purchased on multiple orders, it should be counted only single time. The result should conta
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What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain. Embedded SQL - SQL could be implemented within two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or throu
What three major types of actions includes databases? Briefly discuss these The three major types of actions including databases are: (i) Defining: It includes specifyin
In an E-R diagram how attributes are represented ? In an E-R diagram attributes are represented in a ellipse.
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