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What are the problems if one were not to normalize? When do these problems surface?
Ans: Database normalization, sometimes considered to as canonical synthesis, is a method for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to preserve the database against specific types of logical or structural problems, that are data anomalies. For instance, when multiple instances of a given piece of information take place in a table, the possibility exists that these examples will not be kept consistent while the data within the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. A table that is adequately normalized is less vulnerable to problems of this type, as its structure reflects the basic assumptions for while multiple instances of similar information should be denoted by a single instance only.
Illustrate different types of Locks in SQL Server. There are three kinds of locks in SQL Server i.) Shared locks - These are used for operations which don't allow any update
Explain hash file organization? Hash functions a) The distribution is uniform Hash functions assign each bucket the similar number of search -key values from the set of a
External failure : A failure can also result because of an external cause, such as earthquakes, fire, floods, etc. The database must be duly backed up to avoid troubles occurring d
For problems 1-4, give all candidate keys for the tables with FDs specified. Composite candidate keys must be put in parentheses, and candidate keys must be separated with commas
The clause in SQL which specifies that the query result should be sorted in ascending or descending order based upon the values of one or much more columns is Ans : Order by
what is definition hierarchical data model
a) Suppose we updated the catalog tables in real time, that is, after every update, insert, or delete SQL statement were executed-rather than only running RUNSTATS once every few
Explain data independence ? Data independence is the capacity to modify the schema at one stage of a database system without having to change the schema at the further level.
Discuss The difference between drop table R and delete from R. DROP TABLE command deletes all the records with the table definition. This command will automatically committed
What is a foreign key, and what is it used for? A foreign key is used to establish relationships between relations in the relational model. Technically, a foreign key is a colu
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