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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
What is meant by heuristic optimisation?Discuss the major heuristics that are applied during query optimisation.
Define- relational algebra. The relational algebra is a procedural query language. It having of a set of operations that take one or two relation as input and make a new relati
1. Define each of the following IN YOUR OWN WORDS: (a) File: (b) Record: (c) Field: (d) Primary Key: (e) Secondary Key: 2. A travel agency wants t
Advantages of Database management system Let us summarize the advantages. Reduction of Redundancy: This is perhaps the most important advantage of using DBMS. Redundancy i
Consider the following relational database: STUDENT (name, student#, class, major) COURSE (course name, course#, credit hours, department) SECTION (section identifier, course#, sem
Optimistic Concurrency Control Is locking the only way to stop concurrency related problems? There exist some other ways too. One such way is known as an Optimistic Concurrency
What is inheritance? Define it in detail? Inheritance Inheritance can be at the levels of types, or at the level of tables we first consider inheritance of types, then i
Explain CNT in the respects of QBE ? CNT: It is one of the aggregation commands given in QBE. It is used to identify number of tuples
Q. Explain data aggregatio n and discuss different design constraints. Sol. Aggregation One limitation of the E-R model is that it cannot express relationships amon
Forward Recovery (Redo): In this system the committed changes made by a transaction are reapplied to a previous copy of the database. In simpler
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