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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
Explain the paths in the association network We can analyze use of paths in the association network as given below: Calculate each operation Find associations whic
Consistency error : These errors happen due to the inconsistent state of database caused may be due to wrong implementation of commands or in case of a transaction abort. To overc
examples of fields in a database
Candidate Key: In a relation R, a candidate key for R is a subset of the set of attributes of R, which have the differnt two properties: (1) Uniqueness: N
Order by clause By using this rows can be sorted It is used in the last portion of select statement By default it gets ascending order DESC: is used
What Is Recovery? During the life of a transaction, i.e., a after the start of a transaction but before the transaction commits, various changes may be made in a database state
Explain controlled redundancy? Controlled redundancy : The replication of data within the data warehouse for the purposes of improved data access or understand ability.
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What is nested relational model? The nested relational model is an extension of relational model in which domains might be either atomic or relation valued.
What is Asterisk in SQL? Asterisk (*): In SQL, the columns for all the tables and views in the FROM clause will be displayed.
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