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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
A file manipulation command that extracts some of the records from a file is called ? A file manipulation command that extracts some of the records from a file is called SELECT
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Data Fragmentation "Fragmentation includes decomposing the data in relation to non-overlapping component relations". Why do we require fragmenting a relation?
Define the following constraints for the table client. (i) BAL_DUE must be at least 1000. (ii) NAME is a unique key. (i)ALTER TABLE CLIENT ADD CONSTRAINT CLIENT_BAL_DUE_C1
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Which operator is Cartesian product in relational algebra? Cartesian product in relational algebra is a binary operator. (It requires two operands. e.g., P X Q)
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What is meant by computing the closure of a set of functional dependency? The closure of F denoted by F + is the set of functional dependencies logically implied by F.
example of embedded SQL query
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