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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
Indexed (Indexed Sequential) File Organisation It organises the file like a big dictionary, i.e., records are kept in order of the key but an index is stored which also allows
Explain the ANSI SPARC architecture The three-schema architecture is as well known as ANSI SPARC architecture. The aim of the three-schema architecture is to separate the user
Differance between procedural and non procedural DML? Procedural and non procedural DML Procedural DML exactly what data is require and how to obtain those data. Non procedural
Given the following relations TRAIN (NAME, START, DEST) TICKET (PNRNO., START, DEST, FARE) PASSENGER (NAME, ADDRESS, PNRNO.) Write SQL expressions for the following queries: No
Logical Operators Rules of Precedence: Order evaluated Operator 1 All comparison operators 2
how to design tables
What are the various forms of data transparency? a) fragmentation transparency b) replication transparency c) location transparency
What are called multilevel indices? Indices with two or more levels are known as multilevel indices.
What is De-normalization? De-normalization is the method of attempting to optimize the performance of a database by adding redundant data. It is sometimes essential because cur
Natural Join : It is the similar like Equi join except one of the duplicate columns is removed in the result table. The natural join is the most usually used form of join operation
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