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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
Define the terms i) Entity set ii) Relationship set Entity set: The set of all entities of the similar type is termed as an entity set. Relationship set: The set of all rela
Insertion Anomaly: Inability to show certain information-The primary key of the over relation be (enrolment number, Cno). Any new tuple to be inserted in the relation should have
What is DML compiler? DML Compiler: Translates DML statements in a query language within low level instructions understandable through the query evaluation engine. Attempts to
Differentiate between logical database design and physical database design. Show how this separation leads to data independence? Basis Logical Databas
Run the following queries. For each query show 1) What you expect the output to be based upon the data 2) the SQL code and 3) the output running the query in Oracle. 1. Show all c
What are the causes of bucket overflow in a hash file organization? What can be done to reduce the occurrence of bucket overflow? When a record is inserted, the bucket to that
What is candidate key? Candidate Key - A candidate key of an entity set is a minimal superkey, which uniquely identifies each row in the relation.
The JOIN operation is applied on two relations. When we want to choose related tuples from two given relation join is used. The join operation need that both the joined relations m
Write short note on Data models? Data models: A data model is an abstract model which elaborates how data is represented and accessed. The term data model has two commonly ac
Fragmentation: It is definite as partitioning of a relation into various fragments.Every fragment can be stored at a dissimilar site.
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