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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
Define data conversion? Helpful to load data into temporary staging tables. Then can write SQL code to do much of data processing. SQL code is simpler and faster to write than
Q. State the Technique for converting a state diagram to code. i) Identify the major control path. Starting with first state, find the path from diagram that corresponds
What are partial, alternate,, artificial, compound and natural key? Partial Key: It is a set of attributes that can uniquely recognize weak entities and that are related to s
triggering
Failure Controlling Methods: Failures can be handled using different recovery methods that are talk about later in the unit. But the first question is doing we really require recov
Example: Consider the following relations: ROLLNO NAME ADDRESS COURSE_ID 100 Ka
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to be relevant aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to shape
What do you understand by ACID? - ACID (Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a quality sought after in a reliable database. Here's the relevance of each quality:
Give detail description on Transactions. - Using transactions we can group all SQL commands into a single unit. - Transaction begins with some task and finishes only when a
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