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What are the DBMS languages? Briefly explain?
Data Definition language (DDL):A database schema is specified through a set of definitions expressed through a special language called data definition language. For instance, the subsequent statement in the SQL describes the account table
Create table account (account_number char(10), balance integer)
Execution of the above DDL statement creates the account table. DDL permits a user to specify storage structure and access techniques used through the database system as well as specify certain consistency constraints such as balance of an account should on fall below Rs1000.
Data Manipulation language (DML): A data-manipulation language (DML) is a language which enables users to access or manipulate data as organized through the appropriate data model.
There are basically two types:
1) Procedural DMLs needs a user to specify what data are required and how to get those data. 2) Declarative DMLs (also referred to as nonprocedural DMLs) need a user to specify what data are required without specifying how to get those data.
non numeric literals
Suppose R is a relation with attributes A1, A2,..., An. As a function of n, tell how many superkeys R has, if: 1.1 The only key is A1. 1.2 The only key is A1 and A2. 1.3 The o
Consider the relations EMPLOYEE(emp#, name) ASSIGNED_TO(project#, emp#) PROJECT(project#, project_name, chief) Express the subsequent queries in Relational Algebra (i) Ge
Consider the join of a relation R with relation S. If R has m tuples and S has n tuples, then the maximum size of join is: If R has m tuples and S has n tuples then maximum siz
What are the time stamps associated with each data item? W-timestamp (Q) denotes the largest time stamp if any transaction that implemented WRITE (Q) successfully. R-timesta
What is deadlock? How can it be avoided? How can it be resolved once it occurs? Deadlock happens when two transactions are each waiting on a resource that the other transaction
The State of Newyork certifies firefighters throughout state keep track all of them, as well as the state’s of fire departments. Each fire department has unique department number
What is called an evaluation primitive? A relational algebra operation annotated with instructions on how to evaluate is known as an evaluation primitive.
The Third Normal Form (3NF) Even though, transforming a relation that is not in 2NF into a number of relations that are in 2NF take out many of the anomalies, it does not neces
What is an index? An index is a structure that helps to place desired records of a relation quickly, without probing all records.
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