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What are the DBMS languages? Explain.
Ans: a) Data Definition Languages (DDL): It is employed to specify database schema for example CREATE DROP statements etc.
b) Data Manipulation language (DML): DML is employed to express database queries and update. For example: SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE statements, etc.
Explain trivial dependency? Functional dependency of the form α ->β. is trivial if α C β. Trivial functional dependencies are satisfied by all the relations.
Performance of Various Concurrency Control Mechanisms
There are many simple and complex approaches to implement. These reports are based on some views or certain query. The following number of reports can be built. 1. The averag
external and internal mapping with examples
Update Anomaly : This anomaly is occurred due to data redundancy. Redundant information makes updates more complex since, for example, varying the name of the instructor of MCS-014
education.
Determine the term- Active values An active value is that has dependent values. Every dependent value registers itself with active value that contains a set of dependent values
For problems 1-4, give all candidate keys for the tables with FDs specified. Composite candidate keys must be put in parentheses, and candidate keys must be separated with commas
Define Boyce codd normal form A relation schema R is in BCNF with respect to a set F of functional dependencies if, for all functional dependencies in F + of the form.α ->β.
Define NULL value NULL value NULL means something is unknown. It does NOT mean null (the digit 0). Null is as well employed as attribute value for a particular entity in which
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