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As already discussed, the reduction of the metallic oxide usually heating it with some reducing agent such as carbon, carbon monoxide, hydrogen or some other metal. The reducing agent joins with oxygen of the metal oxide.
M2O2 + yC xM +yCO Some metals oxides get reduced easily while others are reduced with difficulty. Some oxides are condensed at relatively low temperatures while others are reduced at relatively high temperatures. Thermodynamic considerations play an important role in deciding the temperature and the choice of reducing agent in the thermal reduction during metallurgy. For a spontaneous process, the changes in Gibbs energy ΔG must be negative. The changes in Gibbs energy ΔG for any process at any specific temperature, is described by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS Where, ΔH is the enthalpy change T is the absolute temperature and ΔS is the entropy change for the process. For any reaction, this change could also be described from the equation: ΔG° = RTInK Where, K is the equilibrium constant of the 'reactant product' system at temperature T. a negative value of ΔG implies a positive value of K. Consider a reaction, the randomness of the system decreases because the gases have more randomness than solids. Hence, ΔS for this reaction is negative. Thus, if temperature is increased then TΔS becomes more negative. Since TΔS is subtracted in equation, ΔGbecomes less negative. On the other hand, if ΔS is positive, on increasing the temperature of ΔG decreased and becomes more negative. For example, in the reaction, 2C (s) + O2 (g) 2CO (g) ΔS is positive and ΔG decreases and becomes more negative as the T increases. If the reactants and products of two reactions are put together in a system and the net Gibbs free energy change, ΔG of the two possible reactions is negative, and then the overall reaction will occur. Thus, the process of interpretation of feasibility of a process involve coupling of the reactions, calculating the sum of their ΔG and then observing the magnitude and sign of ΔG. Such coupling is easily understood in the form of Ellingham diagram.
Principle of atomic emission spectrometry: The analyte sample is introduced into the centre of the plasma as an aerosol with the help of a nebuliser using argon flow. In the p
please what are the applications of coordination compounds/ can someone help me out...please!
classification of lubricants
Most polar solvents have Lewis base or donor properties resulting from lone-pair electrons. Good donor solvents inbuilt water, pyridine and ammonia, and are efficient at solvating
project&objectives
Q. What do you mean by Solids Non-Fat? Solid non-fat is an important criterion of milk selection for further processing. Milk solids non-fat would include the nitrogenous subst
The amount of energy released when one mole of bonds are formed among the corresponding gaseous atoms is known as Bond energy.
Biodegradable polymers These are the polymers that are degraded through micro-organisms in an appropriate period so that biodegradable polymers and their degraded products do n
#What is the proof of formulae for finding Equivalent weight
Define the General Arrangement of Physical Elements of a Galvanic cell? The general arrangement of the physical elements of a galvanic cell is therefore Terminal - electron
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