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Variable Declaration - SQL
SQL's support for variables is very similar to Tutorial D's, except that the syntax for creating persistent variables-base tables-is quite different from that used to declare local variables. Example is SQL's counterpart of that example in the theory book but, as you know, CREATE TABLE is used for base tables.
Example: A Variable Declaration
DECLARE SN SID DEFAULT SID ('S1');
DECLARE in place of VAR and DEFAULT in place of INIT. The effect is exactly the same apart from the fact that, as already noted, SQL's type SID (here assumed to be a distinct type). The key word DEFAULT is perhaps a strange choice as that word normally suggests action to be taken by the system when no specific action is explicitly demanded by the user. Here it is used to state explicitly an immediate assignment to the variable being declared.
ROWNUM The ROWNUM returns a number representing the order in which a row was selected from the table. The first row selected has a ROWNUM of 1; the second row has a ROWNUM of
Using NOT NULL Besides assigning an initial value, the declarations can impose the NOT NULL constraint, as the example below shows: acct_id INTEGER(4) NOT NULL := 9999; You ca
Using Invoker Rights: By default, the stored procedure executes with the privileges of its definer, not its invoker. These procedures are bound to the schema in which they inh
Effect of Anonymous Columns Now, recall that a VALUES expression denotes a table with undefined column names. If an initial value is to be specified when a base table is creat
Special cases of projection This section describes the identity projection, r {ALL BUT}, and the projection on no attributes, r { }, which yields TABLE_DUM when r is empty, ot
Literals A literal is an explicit numeric, string, character, or Boolean value not represented by an identifier. Numeric literal 147 and the Boolean literal FALSE are some of
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Example of NOT EXISTS in SQL Example: Use of NOT EXISTS CREATE ASSERTION Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam_alternative1 CHECK ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT StudentId, CourseId
Anatomy of a Table: Figure shows the terminology used in SQL to refer to parts of the structure of a table. As you can see, SQL has no official terms for its counterpa
Bulk Binds advantages In the Embedded Oracle RDBMS, the PL/SQL engines accept any valid PL/SQL subprogram or block. As the figure shows, the PL/SQL engine executes all procedur
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