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Usefulness of Data Type
In SQL, as in most computer languages, a type can be used for constraining the values that are permitted to be used for some purpose. In particular, it can be used for constraining:
In each of the above cases, the type used for the purpose in question is the declared type of the variable, parameter, operator, or column, respectively. As a consequence, every expression denoting a value has a declared type too, whether that expression be a literal, a reference to a variable, parameter, or column, or an invocation of an operator. Thus SQL is able to detect errors at "compile time"- by mere inspection of a given script - that would otherwise arise, and cause much more inconvenience, at run time (when the script is executed).
Naming Conventions The similar naming conventions apply to all PL/SQL program items and units including the variables, cursors, constants, cursor variables, procedures, exception
Read-Only Operator (+) - SQL The term read-only operator to the mathematical term function. Here I just need to add that the SQL standard reserves the term function for read-
Using EXISTS The EXISTS(n) returns TRUE if the nth element in a collection exist. Or else, EXISTS(n) returns FALSE. Primarily, you use EXISTS with DELETE to maintain the spars
Semidifference via NOT IN and a subquery SELECT StudentId FROM IS_CALLED WHERE Name = 'Devinder' AND StudentId NOT IN (SELECT StudentId FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON WHER
Authorisations - Privileges As relational theory is silent on the issue of authorisation, it offers nothing with which SQL's vast edifice in support of what it calls privilege
Data Types in SQL - Character CHARACTER or, synonymously, CHAR, for character strings. When this type is to be the declared type of something (e.g., a column), the permissible
Structure of an Object Type: Similar to package, an object type has 2 parts: the specification and the body. The specification is the interface to your applications; it declar
Declaring Subprograms You can declare subprograms in any PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package. But, you should declare subprograms at the end of the declarative part after a
Use of COUNT in SQL It describes and discusses various general methods of expressing constraints, eventually noting that support for "=" with relation operands is sufficient f
Overview of control structures According to the structure theorem, any computer program can be written by using the basic control structures as shown in figure below. They can b
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