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UNION and OR - SQL
SQL supports UNION explicitly but differently from the way it supports JOIN explicitly. As we have seen, JOIN is used exclusively within the FROM clause, such that IS_CALLED NATURAL JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON, for example, can be an element of that clause but cannot stand alone as a table expression. Instead, UNION always connects table expressions that can stand alone, these being:
Introduction Oracle 9i - it was made public in the year 2001 with over 400 features, and graphics, it has merged the traditional business with modern internet application
UNION ALL - SQL Further varieties of UNION arise when we replace the key word DISTINCT by ALL in any of the foregoing examples, as in Example. ALL specifies that if row r appe
Effects of NULL for Multiple Assignments - SQL If the row expression given as the source for a multiple assignment evaluates to NULL, then NULL is assigned to each target. If
Avoiding Collection Exceptions In many cases, if you reference a nonexistent collection element, then PL/SQL raises a predefined exception. Consider the illustration shown b
Initializing and Referencing Collections Until you initialize a collection, a nested table or varray is automatically null (i.e. the collection itself is null, not its elements)
Autonomous versus Nested Transactions Though an autonomous transaction is started by the other transaction, it is not a nested transaction for the reasons shown below: (i)
Using Pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES: The function called from the SQL statements should obey certain rules meant to control the side effects. To check for violation of the rules,
Example of EXCEPT Operator - SQL Example, like its counterpart in the theory book, illustrates the convenience of allowing any table expression to be the source for an INSERT
Using the FORALL Statement The keyword FORALL instruct the PL/SQL engine to bulk-bind input collections before sending them all to the SQL engine. Though the FORALL statement
Question: a) Given the following relation: Location(loc_id, bldg_code, room, capacity) The underlined field is a primary key. (i) Write a PL/SQL program using the impl
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