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Understanding Nested TablesWithin the database, the nested tables can be considered as one-column database tables. The Oracle stores the rows of a nested table in no specific order. But, when you retrieve the nested table into the PL/SQL variable, the rows are given consecutive subscripts starting at 1. That provides you array-like access to the individual rows.Within PL/SQL, the nested tables are like one-dimensional arrays. Though, nested tables differ from arrays in two significant ways. Firstly, the arrays have a fixed upper bound, but nested tables are unbounded .Therefore, the size of a nested table can increase dynamically.
Figure: Array versus Nested TableSecondly, the arrays should be dense (having consecutive subscripts). Therefore, you cannot delete individual elements from an array. Initially, the nested tables are dense, but they can be sparse (having nonconsecutive subscripts). And hence, you can delete elements from a nested table using the built-in procedure DELETE. That might leave gaps in the index, but the built-in function NEXT iterate over any series of subscripts.
Naming Conventions The similar naming conventions apply to all PL/SQL program items and units including the variables, cursors, constants, cursor variables, procedures, exception
LOB Types The large object (LOB) datatypes like BFILE, BLOB, CLOB, and NCLOB store the blocks of unstructured data (like graphic images, text, video clips, and sound waveforms)
Use the NOCOPY Compiler Hint By default, the OUT and IN OUT parameters are passed by the value i.e. the value of an IN OUT actual parameter is copied into the corresponding fo
heap sort program in pl/sql
EXIT Statement You can use the EXIT statement to exit a loop. The EXIT statement has 2 forms: the conditional EXIT WHEN and the unconditional EXIT. With the either form, you
%TYPE: This attribute gives the datatype of a formerly declared collection, cursor variable, object, field, record, database column, or variable. Datatype: This is simply
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Recursion versus Iteration Dissimilar the iteration, recursion is not crucial to PL/SQL programming. Any problem which can be solved using recursion can be solving using the it
WHILE-LOOP The WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown: WHILE condition LOOP sequence_of_sta
Example of GROUP BY and COLLECT Operator Example: Using GROUP BY and COLLECT to obtain C_ER2 SELECT CourseId, CAST ( COLLECT (ROW (StudentId, Mark)) AS ROW (Studen
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