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TYPES OF BUDGETS
1. Deficit budget
If the proposed expenditure is greater than the planned revenue from taxation and miscellaneous receipts, this is a budget deficit. The excess of expenditure over revenue will be met through borrowing both internally through the sale of Treasury Bills and externally from other organisations.
2. Balanced budget
If the proposed expenditure is equal to the planned revenue from taxation and other miscellaneous receipts, this is a balanced budget. Usually, balanced budgets are not presented, unless the expenditure is very limited. It would mean the government would have to over-tax the population which can create disincentives. It is to avoid this that the tax revenue is supplemented by borrowing.
3. Surplus budgets
If the proposed expenditure is less than the planned revenue from taxation and other miscellaneous receipts, this is a surplus budget. Usually, surplus budgets are not presented for they are deflationary and can create unemployment as the government takes out of the economy more than it puts back.
The pigou effect, also called the real balance effect, is named after the well known Cambridge school economist Arthur Cecil pigou who had first clearly formulated the relationship
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williamson''s model describe
a) In 1948, the money GNP was $520 billion and the price index was 120. In order to make the 1948 GNP comparable with the base year, the 1948 GNP must be adjusted to:
Q=5K0.4 L0.6 WHERE K is number of mchine,L s number of labour, price of unit is RM24 & wages og each lanour rm12. the company constraint by it budget rm 1500 per time period. a) co
State the difficulties in the measurement of profit.
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