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Type versus Representation Confusion in SQL
This describes how a value might have two or more distinct representations. For example, user-defined type POINT might have a declared possrep based on Cartesian coordinates and another based on polar coordinates. SQL has a system-defined type, TIMESTAMP, for values representing points in time, a timestamp being represented by a date, a time of day, and-optionally-a time zone, expressed as a displacement from UTC. Clearly any timestamp can be expressed in several different ways, using different time zones.
Three o'clock in the afternoon of December 31st, 2011 in UK, for example, is the same time as two o'clock in the morning of January 1st, 2012 in New Zealand. SQL treats those two representations as distinct values that compare equal, in like fashion to its treatment of character strings with trailing blanks, with similar consequences. If instead it had treated them as distinct representations of the same value, then the issue of indeterminacy would not have arisen.
Using NOT NULL Besides assigning an initial value, the declarations can impose the NOT NULL constraint, as the example below shows: acct_id INTEGER(4) NOT NULL := 9999; You ca
SELECT a.child_fname,a.child_lname,concat(b.parent_title,b.parent_fname), b.parent_lname,b.parent_tphone FROM child a,parent b WHERE a.parent_id=b.parent_id ORDER BY a.child_fnam
Table Comparison - SQL The following definitions for relation comparisons: Let r1 and r2 be relations having the same heading. Then: r1 ⊆ r2 is true if every tuple of r1
Grouping and Ungrouping in SQL Example specifying EXAM_MARK in place of COURSE in the main FROM clause. Example: Obtaining C_ER2 from EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST
Short-Circuit Evaluation When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops computing the expression as soon as the result
Many of the reports generated from the system calculate the total dollars in a shopper''s purchases. Follow these steps to create a function named TOT_PURCH_SF that accepts a shopp
Create a procedure named STATUS_SHIP_SP that allows a company to employee in the Shipping Department to update the status of an order to add shipping information. The BB_BASKETSTAT
Main features of PL/SQL A good way to get familiar with PL/SQL is to look at a sample program. The below program processes an order for tennis rackets. At first, it declares a
Iteration Schemes The bounds of a loop range can be variables, literals, variables, or expressions but must compute to integers. Below are some of the examples. As you can see t
Recursion versus Iteration Dissimilar the iteration, recursion is not crucial to PL/SQL programming. Any problem which can be solved using recursion can be solving using the it
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