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Type versus Representation Confusion in SQL
This describes how a value might have two or more distinct representations. For example, user-defined type POINT might have a declared possrep based on Cartesian coordinates and another based on polar coordinates. SQL has a system-defined type, TIMESTAMP, for values representing points in time, a timestamp being represented by a date, a time of day, and-optionally-a time zone, expressed as a displacement from UTC. Clearly any timestamp can be expressed in several different ways, using different time zones.
Three o'clock in the afternoon of December 31st, 2011 in UK, for example, is the same time as two o'clock in the morning of January 1st, 2012 in New Zealand. SQL treats those two representations as distinct values that compare equal, in like fashion to its treatment of character strings with trailing blanks, with similar consequences. If instead it had treated them as distinct representations of the same value, then the issue of indeterminacy would not have arisen.
Bulk Fetching The illustration below shows that you can bulk-fetch from a cursor into one or more collections: DECLARE TYPE NameTab IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE; TYPE S
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1. Create a procedure called TAX_COST_SP to accomplish the tax calculation task. Keep in mind that the state and subtotal values are inputs into the procedure and the procedure is
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SELECT INTO Statement The SELECT INTO statement retrieve data from one or more database tables, and then assigns the selected values to the variables or fields. Syntax:
Initializing Objects: Till you initialize an object by calling the constructor for its object type, the object is automatically null. That is, the object itself is null, not me
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Scope and Visibility The References to an identifier are resolved according to its visibility and scope. The scope of an identifier is that area of a program unit (subprogram, b
Effects of NULL in Table Literal When a VALUES expression appears as the source value for an SQL INSERT statement, the key word NULL can appear as a field value, such that for
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