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Type versus Representation Confusion in SQL
This describes how a value might have two or more distinct representations. For example, user-defined type POINT might have a declared possrep based on Cartesian coordinates and another based on polar coordinates. SQL has a system-defined type, TIMESTAMP, for values representing points in time, a timestamp being represented by a date, a time of day, and-optionally-a time zone, expressed as a displacement from UTC. Clearly any timestamp can be expressed in several different ways, using different time zones.
Three o'clock in the afternoon of December 31st, 2011 in UK, for example, is the same time as two o'clock in the morning of January 1st, 2012 in New Zealand. SQL treats those two representations as distinct values that compare equal, in like fashion to its treatment of character strings with trailing blanks, with similar consequences. If instead it had treated them as distinct representations of the same value, then the issue of indeterminacy would not have arisen.
Fetching with a Cursor The FETCH statements retrieve the rows in the result set one at a time. After each and every fetch, the cursor advance to the next row in the result set
Logical Operators The logical operators AND, NOT, and OR follow the tri-state logic shown in table below. The AND and OR are binary operators; NOT is a unary operator.
Using Cursor Attributes To process the SQL data manipulation statements, the SQL engine must opens an implicit cursor named SQL. This cursor's attributes (%FOUND, %NOTFOUND, %
Declaring Cursor Variables Once a REF CURSOR type is define by you, and then you can declare the cursor variables of that type in any PL/SQL block or subprogram. In the exampl
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Using Operator REF: You can retrieve refs by using the operator REF that, like VALUE, takes as its argument a correlation variable. In the illustration below, you retrieve one
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
Example of Using Aggregation on Nested Tables Example: How many students sat each exam WITH C_ER AS (SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM
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